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21. A new fountain confinement device for fluidizing fine and ultrafine sands in conical spouted beds

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Pablos, Aitor; Aguado, Roberto; Tellabide, Mikel; Altzibar, Haritz; Freire, Fabio B.; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Powder technology 2018 v.328 pp. 38-46
ISSN:
0032-5910
Subject:
equipment; equipment design; equipment performance; hydrodynamics; powders; sand
Abstract:
... A study has been carried out on the hydrodynamic performance of a fountain confinement device used in conical spouted beds for the treatment of Geldart A and B type particles. Stability and particle elutriation have been analysed for beds provided only with this device and those provided with this device and two types of draft tubes, namely, open sided draft tube and nonporous draft tube. Stabilit ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.090

22. Influence of the conditions for reforming HDPE pyrolysis volatiles on the catalyst deactivation by coke

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Barbarias, Itsaso; Artetxe, Maite; Lopez, Gartzen; Arregi, Aitor; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Fuel processing technology 2018 v.171 pp. 100-109
ISSN:
0378-3820
Subject:
catalysts; fluidized beds; gasification; hydrogen; nickel; polyethylene; pyrolysis; steam; temperature
Abstract:
... Pyrolysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) has been carried out in a conical spouted bed reactor (500°C) and the volatiles have been reformed in-line over a Ni commercial catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. The evolution of reaction indices (conversion, H2 yield and other gaseous product yields) with time on stream has been studied under the following operating conditions: temperature, 600–700 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.11.003

23. Stability of a Rh/CeO2–ZrO2 Catalyst in the Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-oil

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Remiro, Aingeru; Arandia, Aitor; Oar-Arteta, Lide; Gayubo, Ana G.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Energy & fuels 2018 v.32 no.3 pp. 3588-3598
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
biofuels; catalysts; fluidized beds; hydrogen production; lignin; oxidation; pyrolysis; sawdust; steam; temperature; transmission electron microscopy; volatilization
Abstract:
... The oxidative steam reforming (OSR) of raw bio-oil (obtained by fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust) has been studied on a Rh/CeO₂–ZrO₂ catalyst under a wide range of operating conditions (600–750 °C; steam-to-carbon molar ratio, 3–9; oxygen-to-carbon molar ratio, 0.34; space time, 0.15–0.6 gcₐₜₐₗyₛₜ h/gbᵢₒ₋ₒᵢₗ) in order to delimit the suitable conditions for high and stable H₂ production. The runs wer ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b04141

24. Optimization of the Zr Content in the CuO-ZnO-ZrO2/SAPO-11 Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of CO+CO2 Mixtures in the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Sánchez-Contador, Miguel; Ateka, Ainara; Rodriguez-Vega, Pablo; Aguayo, Andrés T.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2018 v.57 no.4 pp. 1169-1178
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
catalysts; catalytic activity; copper; coprecipitation; hydrogenation; methanol; process design; surface area; zinc; zirconium; zirconium oxide
Abstract:
... Zr incorporation in the CuO-ZnO catalyst for methanol synthesis from CO+CO₂ mixtures, for its later use in the bifunctional catalyst conformation for dimethyl ether (DME) direct synthesis, has been studied. Different Cu/Zn/Zr ratio catalysts were prepared, via coprecipitation method, and characterized regarding to physical, chemical, structural, and metallic properties. Specific Cu surface area an ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04345

25. Kinetic Model for the Conversion of Chloromethane into Hydrocarbons over a HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Gamero, Monica; Valle, Beatriz; Gayubo, Ana G.; Castaño, Pedro; Aguayo, Andres T.;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2018 v.57 no.3 pp. 908-919
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
alkenes; aromatic compounds; catalysts; equations; hydrochloric acid; kinetics; methane; methyl chloride; prediction; process design; shale gas; space and time; temperature; zeolites
Abstract:
... The conversion of chloromethane into hydrocarbons over a HZSM-5 zeolite based catalyst is investigated with the aim of establishing a kinetic model suitable for simulating this process for indirect valorization of the methane contained in shale gas. The experimental data were obtained in an isothermal fixed bed reactor under a wide range of operating conditions: temperature, 300–450 °C; space-time ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04379

26. Valorisation of different waste plastics by pyrolysis and in-line catalytic steam reforming for hydrogen production

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Barbarias, Itsaso; Lopez, Gartzen; Artetxe, Maite; Arregi, Aitor; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Energy conversion and management 2018 v.156 pp. 575-584
ISSN:
0196-8904
Subject:
catalysts; fluidized beds; gas chromatography; hydrogen production; plastics; polyethylene terephthalates; polypropylenes; polystyrenes; pyrolysis; steam; streams; wastes
Abstract:
... The performance of an original two-step reaction system (pyrolysis and in-line reforming) was assessed in the hydrogen production from different plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene) and their mixture. The pyrolysis step was performed in a conical spouted bed reactor at 500 °C, whereas the reforming of pyrolysis volatiles was carried out in a fluidized ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.048

27. Comparison of Ni Based and Rh Based Catalyst Performance in the Oxidative Steam Reforming of Raw Bio-Oil

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Remiro, Aingeru; Arandia, Aitor; Gayubo, Ana G.;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Energy & fuels 2017 v.31 no.7 pp. 7147-7156
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; biofuels; carbon; carbon monoxide; catalysts; fluidized beds; heat treatment; hydrogen; lignin; methane; nickel; oxidation; oxygen; steam
Abstract:
... The effect of O₂ content in the oxidative steam reforming (OSR) of raw bio-oil has been studied, and the kinetic behavior, particularly deactivation, has been compared between two catalysts (Ni/La₂O₃-αAl₂O₃ and Rh/CeO₂-ZrO₂). The experiments have been carried out in an apparatus with two steps in series: (1) thermal treatment (at 500 °C, for the controlled deposition of pyrolytic lignin) and (2) c ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00735

28. Kinetic Modeling of the Catalytic Steam Reforming of High-Density Polyethylene Pyrolysis Volatiles

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Barbarias, Itsaso; Lopez, Gartzen; Artetxe, Maite; Arregi, Aitor; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2017 v.31 no.11 pp. 12645-12653
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; catalysts; equations; fluidized beds; fuels; hydrogen; kinetics; methane; nickel; polyethylene; pyrolysis; regression analysis; steam; temperature
Abstract:
... The kinetics of the steam reforming of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pyrolysis volatiles is studied on a Ni commercial catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor in line with the pyrolysis reactor (a conical spouted bed reactor at 500 °C). Steam reforming reactions have been carried out under the following conditions: temperature of 600–700 °C and space time of 0–16.7 gcₐₜ min gHDPE–¹. On the basis of ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01909

29. Role of oxygenates and effect of operating conditions in the deactivation of a Ni supported catalyst during the steam reforming of bio-oil

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Ochoa, Aitor; Aramburu, Borja; Valle, Beatriz; Resasco, Daniel E.; Gayubo, Ana G.; Castaño, Pedro;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Green chemistry 2017 v.19 no.18 pp. 4315-4333
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; biofuels; biomass; carbon monoxide; catalysts; encapsulation; fluidized beds; green chemistry; heat treatment; hydrogen production; lignin; lignocellulose; methane; nickel; phenols; scanning electron microscopy; steam; temperature; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... This work investigates the correlation of the reaction conditions (temperature and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C)) and the reaction medium composition with the deactivation behavior of a Ni/La₂O₃-αAl₂O₃ catalyst used in steam reforming of bio-oil, aiming at sustainable hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass. The reaction was performed in an in-line two-step system consisting of thermal trea ...
DOI:
10.1039/c7gc01432e

30. Fountain confined conical spouted beds

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Altzibar, Haritz; Estiati, Idoia; Lopez, Gartzen; Saldarriaga, Juan F.; Aguado, Roberto; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Powder technology 2017 v.312 pp. 334-346
ISSN:
0032-5910
Subject:
equipment; homogenization; hydrodynamics; powders
Abstract:
... Particle entrainment is a serious problem in spouted bed contactors when operation is carried out using beds made up of ultrafine particles, irregular ones and fine and coarse particle mixtures. Accordingly, the conventional conical spouted bed has been modified by inserting a fountain confiner in the contactor, and a study has been carried out on the efficiency of the confinement device to avoid ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.071

31. Hydrogen-rich gas production by continuous pyrolysis and in-line catalytic reforming of pine wood waste and HDPE mixtures

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Arregi, Aitor; Amutio, Maider; Lopez, Gartzen; Artetxe, Maite; Alvarez, Jon; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Energy conversion and management 2017 v.136 pp. 192-201
ISSN:
0196-8904
Subject:
wastes; Pinus; hydrogen production; sawdust; space and time; catalysts; raw materials; polyethylene; hydrogen; pyrolysis; temperature; biomass; fluidized beds; gasification
Abstract:
... The continuous pyrolysis-reforming of pine sawdust and high density polyethylene mixtures (25, 50 and 75wt% HDPE) has been performed in a two-stage reaction system provided with a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) and a fluidized bed reactor. The influence HDPE co-feeding has on the conversion, yields and composition of the reforming outlet stream and catalyst deactivation has been studied at a r ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.008

32. A comparative thermodynamic study on the CO2 conversion in the synthesis of methanol and of DME

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Ateka, Ainara; Pérez-Uriarte, Paula; Gamero, Mónica; Ereña, Javier; Aguayo, Andrés T.;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Energy 2017 v.120 pp. 796-804
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; catalysts; heat production; hydrogen; methanol; temperature
Abstract:
... A thermodynamic approach of the synthesis processes of methanol and of DME from H2 + CO + CO2 has been conducted, in order to compare the feasibility of incorporating CO2 in the feed of both processes. The effects of reaction temperature (200–400 °C), pressure (10–100 bar) and CO2/(CO + CO2) ratio in the feed on the CO2 conversion, yield and selectivity of oxygenates (methanol + DME), and heat rel ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.129

33. Optimum operating conditions in ethanol steam reforming over a Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Montero, Carolina; Remiro, Aingeru; Benito, Pedro Luis; Gayubo, Ana G.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Fuel Processing Technology 2017
ISSN:
0378-3820
Subject:
acetaldehyde; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; catalysts; ethanol; ethylene; fluidized beds; hydrogen; hydrogen production; methane; reaction mechanisms; steam; temperature
Abstract:
... This manuscript analyzes the steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) over a Ni/La2O3-αAl2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor under a wide range of operating conditions (500–650°C, space time up to 0.35gcatalysth/gEtOH, and steam/ethanol (S/E) molar ratio in the feed between 3 and 9) in order to select optimum conditions for maximizing H2 production. The significance the individual reactions in the rea ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.10.003

34. Fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus waste in a conical spouted bed reactor

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Amutio, Maider; Lopez, Gartzen; Alvarez, Jon; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Bioresource technology 2015 v.194 pp. 225-232
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
Eucalyptus globulus; bark; biofuels; biomass; cellulose; chromatography; forestry; hemicellulose; ketones; leaves; lignin; models; phenols; plant residues; pyrolysis; wastes; water content; wood
Abstract:
... The fast pyrolysis of a forestry sector waste composed of Eucalyptus globulus wood, bark and leaves has been studied in a continuous bench-scale conical spouted bed reactor plant at 500°C. A high bio-oil yield of 75.4wt.% has been obtained, which is explained by the suitable features of this reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis. Gas and bio-oil compositions have been determined by chromatographic te ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.030

35. Physical Activation of Rice Husk Pyrolysis Char for the Production of High Surface Area Activated Carbons

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Alvarez, Jon; Lopez, Gartzen; Amutio, Maider; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2015 v.54 no.29 pp. 7241-7250
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
adsorbents; carbon; carbon dioxide; engineering; gasification; oxidants; porosity; porous media; pyrolysis; rice hulls; silica; sodium carbonate; steam; surface area
Abstract:
... A study has been performed on the production of high quality activated carbon from rice husk char obtained by flash pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor. In order to enhance both the quality of the adsorbents obtained and the economy of the process, the amorphous silica contained in the char has been recovered with Na₂CO₃. Subsequently, the resulting carbonaceous material has been subjected ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01589

36. Kinetic Study of Carbon Dioxide Gasification of Rice Husk Fast Pyrolysis Char

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Alvarez, Jon; Lopez, Gartzen; Amutio, Maider; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2015 v.29 no.5 pp. 3198-3207
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
carbon dioxide; gasification; kinetics; models; pyrolysis; rice hulls; temperature; thermogravimetry
Abstract:
... The rice husk char gasification kinetics with carbon dioxide has been studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under isothermal and dynamic regimes. The effect of the carbon dioxide concentration (50, 75, and 100 vol %) and heating rate (5, 10, and 20 °C min–¹) was determined in the dynamic runs, and the effect of the temperature (750, 800, and 850 °C) was determined in the isothermal runs. R ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b00318

37. Performance of CuO–ZnO–ZrO2 and CuO–ZnO–MnO as metallic functions and SAPO-18 as acid function of the catalyst for the synthesis of DME co-feeding CO2

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Ateka, Ainara; Sierra, Irene; Ereña, Javier; Aguayo, Andrés T.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Fuel processing technology 2016 v.152 pp. 34-45
ISSN:
0378-3820
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carbon sequestration; catalysts; methanol; temperature
Abstract:
... The kinetic behavior of the CuO–ZnO–ZrO2 (CZZr) and CuO–ZnO–MnO (CZMn) metallic functions in the methanol synthesis step has been studied under suitable operating conditions for DME synthesis, and the values of methanol yield and selectivity have been compared with those corresponding to the conventional CuO–ZnO–Al2O3 (CZA) metallic function. On the other hand, the performance (DME yield and selec ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.041

38. Pyrolysis and in-line catalytic steam reforming of polystyrene through a two-step reaction system

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Barbarias, Itsaso; Lopez, Gartzen; Artetxe, Maite; Arregi, Aitor; Santamaria, Laura; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis 2016 v.122 pp. 502-510
ISSN:
0165-2370
Subject:
aromatic hydrocarbons; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; catalysts; electron microscopy; encapsulation; fluidized beds; hydrogen; hydrogen production; methane; nickel; oxidation; polyethylene; polystyrenes; pyrolysis; space and time; steam; temperature
Abstract:
... Hydrogen production from polystyrene (PS) has been studied following continuous pyrolysis and in-line steam reforming. The first step was carried out at 500°C in a conical spouted bed reactor and the subsequent reforming one was performed in a fluidized bed reactor on a commercial Ni catalyst at 700°C. The effect space time and time on stream have on the reaction indexes (reforming conversion, yie ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jaap.2016.10.006

39. Reproducible performance of a Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 catalyst in ethanol steam reforming under reaction–regeneration cycles

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Montero, Carolina; Remiro, Aingeru; Arandia, Aitor; Benito, Pedro Luis; Gayubo, Ana G.;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Fuel processing technology 2016 v.152 pp. 215-222
ISSN:
0378-3820
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; air; catalysts; combustion; ethanol; fluidized beds; hydrogen; hydroxyl radicals; nickel; steam
Abstract:
... Equilibration of a Ni/La2O3–αAl2O3 catalyst has been studied with the aim of using it in ethanol steam reforming (ESR) under reaction–regeneration cycles. The runs have been performed in a fluidized bed reactor, with the reaction steps being carried out at 500°C and 700°C, with a steam/ethanol (S/E) molar ratio of 6 and low values of space time (from 0.001 to 0.06gcatalysth/gEtOH), for which there ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.07.002

40. Correlation for Calculating Heat Transfer Coefficient in Conical Spouted Beds

Author:
Bilbao, Javier,   et al.   ; Saldarriaga, Juan F.; Aguado, Roberto; Atxutegi, Aitor; Grace, John; Olazar, Martin;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2016 v.55 no.35 pp. 9524-9532
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
chemistry; engineering; heat transfer; heat transfer coefficient; prediction; sand; sawdust; statistical analysis
Abstract:
... A correlation has been proposed for predicting local bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficients in conical spouted beds based on an experimental study conducted using beds made up of sand, sawdust, and their mixtures under various operating conditions, namely, different static bed heights and gas velocities over minimum spouting. A comparison of the results with those obtained using the correlation ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02234