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1. Costly Information:Firm Transformation, Exit, or Persistent Failure

Author:
LYNNE G. ZUCKER; MICHAEL R. DARBY
Source:
American behavioral scientist 1996 v.39 no.8 pp. 959-974
ISSN:
0002-7642
Subject:
biotechnology; human capital; research and development
Abstract:
... Firms invest differentially in the intellectual human capital required to recognize, evaluate, and utilize technological breakthroughs occurring outside the firm. Such differential investment has been crucial in explaining which incumbent pharmaceutical firms have successfully transformed their technological identities in response to the biotechnological revolution and which are threatened by pers ...
DOI:
10.1177/0002764296039008003

2. Expression of a costly, plastic secondary sexual trait is correlated with age and condition in a damselfly with two male morphs

Author:
Hooper, R.E.; Tsubaki, Y.; Siva-Jothy, M.T.
Source:
Physiological entomology 1999 v.24 no.4 pp. 364-369
ISSN:
0307-6962
Subject:
Calopterygidae; wings; polymorphism; pigmentation; age; nutritional status; tyrosine; tryptophan; isotope labeling; males
Abstract:
... Males of the damselfly Mnais costalis Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae) are morphologically and behaviourally polymorphic, typically existing as clear-winged non-territorial 'sneaks' and orange-winged territorial 'fighters'. The amount of orange pigment in the wing, as measured with a chromameter, varied between individuals, and decreased as the reproductive season progressed. Young individuals main ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-3032.1999.00152.x

3. Costly solicitation, timing of offspring conflict, and resource allocation in plants

Author:
Zhang, D.Y.; Jiang, X.H.
Source:
Annals of botany 2000 v.86 no.1 pp. 123-131
ISSN:
0305-7364
Subject:
simulation models; evolution; parents; genetic variation; gender differences; sexual reproduction; plant competition; progeny; natural resources; mortality
Abstract:
... The theory of parent–offspring conflict is extended to plants that produce many offspring in one reproductive event. The energetic cost of begging signals and the timing of offspring conflict are explicitly taken into account. We find that if the indirect costs of increased provisioning of selfish offspring are borne by their brood mates, then offspring are selected to solicit in so costly a way t ...
DOI:
10.1006/anbo.2000.1164

4. The economics of coupled farm subsidies under costly and imperfect enforcement

Author:
Giannakas, K.; Fulton, M.
Source:
Agricultural economics 2000 v.22 no.1 pp. 75-90
ISSN:
0169-5150
Subject:
welfare economics; mathematical models; risk; costs and returns; farm management; subsidies; farmers' attitudes; agricultural policy
Abstract:
... This study relaxes the assumption of perfect and costless policy enforcement found in traditional agricultural policy analysis and introduces enforcement costs and cheating into the economic analysis of output subsidies. Policy design and implementation is modeled in this paper as a sequential game between the regulator who decides on the level of intervention, an enforcement agency that determine ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1574-0862.2000.tb00007.x

5. Multitasking and tradeoffs in stems, and the costly dominion of domatia

Author:
Gartner, B.L.
Source:
New phytologist 2001 v.151 no.2 pp. 311-313
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
interspecific variation; plant development; stems; area; mechanical properties; phloem; water; xylem; plant morphology; leaves
DOI:
10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00205.x

6. Rapid and costly ageing in wild male flies

Author:
Bonduriansky, R.; Brassil, C.E.
Source:
Nature 2002 v.420 no.6914 pp. 377
ISSN:
0028-0836
Subject:
insect behavior; males; age; mortality; Piophilidae; mating frequency
DOI:
10.1038/420377a

7. Are induced defenses costly? consequences of predator‐induced defenses in western toads, bufo boreas

Author:
Michael F. Benard; James A. Fordyce
Source:
Ecology 2003 v.84 no.1 pp. 68-78
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Ambystoma tigrinum; Anaxyrus boreas; bioassays; bufadienolides; chemical defenses; color; invertebrates; larvae; metamorphosis; predators; rearing; tail; toads
Abstract:
... Induced defenses are widespread in nature, and in amphibian larvae they are often expressed as altered behavior and changes in tail shape, color, and size. Theory predicts that induced defenses should be costly in the absence of a predator threat. No costs have been found for these defenses after metamorphosis. In this study, we tested for induced defenses in western toads, Bufo boreas, and measur ...
DOI:
10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0068:AIDCCO]2.0.CO;2

8. Costly (Dis)Agreement: Optimal Intervention, Income Redistribution, and Transfer Efficiency of Output Quotas in the Presence of Cheating

Author:
Konstantinos Giannakas; Murray Fulton
Source:
Journal of agricultural & food industrial organization 2003 v.1 no.1 pp. -
ISSN:
1542-0485
Subject:
farmers; income; income distribution; issues and policy; politics; social welfare
Abstract:
... This study builds on previous work by Giannakas and Fulton (2003, 2000) on the economics of output quotas in the presence of cheating by examining the efficiency of the policy in transferring income to producers as well as the optimal regulatory response to enforcement costs and farmer noncompliant behavior in a decentralized policy making environment. Analytical results show that enforcement cost ...
DOI:
10.2202/1542-0485.1029

9. Elaborately ornamented males avoid costly parental care in the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus): a proximate perspective

Author:
R. A. Duckworth; A. V. Badyaev; A. F. Parlow
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2003 v.55 no.2 pp. 176-183
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Fringillidae; color; evolution; males; parental behavior; plumage; prolactin; reproductive traits; Montana
Abstract:
... Selection should favor flexibility in reproductive tactics when the combination of sexual traits and reproductive behaviors that achieve the highest fitness differs between males within a population. Understanding the functional significance of variation in male reproductive tactics can provide insight into their evolution. Male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in a Montana population display ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-003-0671-7

10. Timing of diapause induction and its life-history consequences in Nezara viridula: is it costly to expand the distribution range?

Author:
Musolin, D.L.; Numata, H.
Source:
Ecological entomology 2003 v.28 no.6 pp. 694-703
ISSN:
0307-6946
Subject:
geographical distribution; Nezara viridula; overwintering; life history; longevity; egg masses; phenology; air temperature; age; seasonal development; diapause; climate change; insect reproduction; mortality; Japan
Abstract:
... 1. From the early 1960s to 2000 Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) expanded its range northwards in Japan and reached Osaka following climate warming recorded in the region. 2. The timing of diapause induction and its effect on life-history traits were studied under quasi-natural conditions in Osaka. Egg masses were placed outdoors in six series in July-November 1999. Developmental events ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2311.2003.00559.x

11. Regulatory responses to potential pollutants from animal feeding operations: opting out of costly permitting regulations

Author:
Centner, T.J.; Mullen, J.D.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and applied economics 2004 v.36 no.2 pp. 287-295
ISSN:
1074-0708
Subject:
animals; economics; water pollution; water quality
Abstract:
... Because of excessive water impairment, federal and state agencies have enacted regulations to reduce water pollution from animal feeding operations. Many of the regulations are based on numbers of animals rather than the potential of an operator to impair water quality. To enhance efficiency, critical production indicators and location screening factors might be used to exempt operations that are ...

12. Spotted bowerbirds Chlamydera maculata do not prefer rare or costly bower decorations

Author:
Joah R. Madden; Andrew Balmford
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2004 v.55 no.6 pp. 589-595
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
dimensions; females; males; mating behavior; Queensland
Abstract:
... Females target elaborate secondary sexual traits to acquire either direct benefits, represented or provided by the trait, or indirect benefits usually in the form of genetic components. The link between a male’s trait and his potential genetic contribution is often unclear. Bowers are extreme examples of secondary sexual traits, built and decorated by males and targeted by females. However, why fe ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-003-0737-6

13. Responding to inflammatory challenges is less costly for a successful avian invader, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), than its less-invasive congener

Author:
Lee, K.A.; Martin, L.B. II; Wikelski, M.C.
Source:
Oecologia 2005 v.145 no.2 pp. 244-251
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
wild birds; invasive species; introduced species; phytohemagglutinin; lipopolysaccharides; animal pathogenic bacteria; immune response; inflammation; resistance mechanisms; locomotion; metabolism; animal reproduction
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-005-0113-5
PubMed:
15965757

14. Association between costly veterinary-care events and 5-year survival of Swedish insured warmblooded riding horses

Author:
Egenvall, A.; Bonnett, B.N.; Olson, P.; Penell, J.; Emanuelson, U.
Source:
Preventive veterinary medicine 2006 v.77 no.1-2 pp. 122-136
ISSN:
0167-5877
Subject:
life insurance; health care costs; longevity; cohort studies; geographical variation; geldings; animal age; gender differences; regression analysis; lameness; mares; stallions; horse diseases; mortality; prediction; horse breeds; Sweden
DOI:
10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.07.002

15. Costly Punishment Across Human Societies

Author:
Henrich, Joseph; McElreath, Richard; Barr, Abigail; Ensminger, Jean; Barrett, Clark; Bolyanatz, Alexander; Cardenas, Juan Camilo; Gurven, Michael; Gwako, Edwins; Henrich, Natalie; Lesorogol, Carolyn; Marlowe, Frank; Tracer, David; Ziker, John
Source:
Science 2006 v.312 no.5781 pp. 1767-1770
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
altruism; coevolution; humans; industrialization; models; psychology; social behavior
Abstract:
... Recent behavioral experiments aimed at understanding the evolutionary foundations of human cooperation have suggested that a willingness to engage in costly punishment, even in one-shot situations, may be part of human psychology and a key element in understanding our sociality. However, because most experiments have been confined to students in industrialized societies, generalizations of these i ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1127333

16. Parasites and salinity: costly tradeoffs in a threatened species

Author:
Rogowski, David L.; Stockwell, Craig A.
Source:
Oecologia 2006 v.146 no.4 pp. 615-622
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Cyprinodon tularosa; Juturnia; environmental factors; fish; intermediate hosts; mortality; parasites; salinity; snails; streams; threatened species; variance; New Mexico
Abstract:
... Parasites and environmental conditions can have direct and indirect effects on individuals. We explore the relationship between salinity and parasites in an endemic New Mexico State threatened fish, the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa). Spatial variation in salinity limits the distribution of the endemic springsnail (Juturnia tularosae) within Salt Creek, a small desert stream. The spring ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-005-0218-x
PubMed:
16133195

17. Is reproduction really costly? Energy metabolism of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) females through the reproductive cycle

Author:
TREBATICKÁÁ Lenka; KETOLA Tarmo; KLEMME Ines; ECCARD Jana A.; YLÖÖNEN Hannu
Source:
Écoscience 2007 v.14 no.3 pp. 306-313
ISSN:
1195-6860
Subject:
Clethrionomys glareolus; breeding; carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide production; energy expenditure; energy metabolism; females; lactation; ova; pregnancy; progeny; pups; reproductive performance; small mammals
Abstract:
... Energetic requirements during reproduction are important determinants of the onset of reproduction and of breeding strategy (e.g., breeding post-partum) and therefore affect female reproductive output in seasonally varying environments. To balance the energetic needs of breeding with energy availability, females must optimize energy allocation between their own energy use and energy allocated to t ...
DOI:
10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[306:IRRCEM]2.0.CO;2

18. Is reproduction really costly? Energy metabolism of bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) females through the reproductive cycle

Author:
Lenka Trebatická; Tarmo Ketola; Ines Klemme; Jana A. Eccard; Hannu Ylönen
Source:
Écoscience 2007 v.14 no.3 pp. 306-313
ISSN:
2376-7626
Subject:
Clethrionomys glareolus; body weight; carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide production; energy expenditure; energy metabolism; females; lactation; pregnancy; progeny; reproductive performance
Abstract:
... Energetic requirements during reproduction are important determinants of the onset of reproduction and of breeding strategy (e.g., breeding post-partum) and therefore affect female reproductive output in seasonally varying environments. To balance the energetic needs of breeding with energy availability, females must optimize energy allocation between their own energy use and energy allocated to t ...
DOI:
10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14%5B306:IRRCEM%5D2.0.CO;2

19. Costly pre-laying behaviours and physiological expenditures by northern fulmars in the High Arctic

Author:
Mark L. Mallory; Mark R. Forbes
Source:
Écoscience 2008 v.15 no.4 pp. 545-554
ISSN:
2376-7626
Subject:
Procellariidae; breeding; eggs; females; males; nesting sites; nests; nutrient reserves; nutrients; seabirds; Arctic region
Abstract:
... Petrels are a group of seabirds that undertake an exodus from their breeding colony just prior to egg-laying, purportedly to allow the female to acquire nutrients for egg synthesis from the local environment. We studied seasonal nutrient dynamics and at-nest behaviour of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), a petrel found in the Canadian High Arctic, to evaluate the importance of pre-laying nutr ...
DOI:
10.2980/15-4-3187

20. Infant carrying behaviour in dolphins: costly parental care in an aquatic environment

Author:
Noren, S.R.
Source:
Functional ecology 2008 v.22 no.2 pp. 284-288
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
Tursiops truncatus; aquatic environment; calves; dolphins; energy; foraging; hydrodynamics; lactation; locomotion; mothers; stroke; swimming; whales
Abstract:
... 1. Infant carrying behaviour occurs across diverse taxa inhabiting arboreal, volant and aquatic environments. For mammals, it is considered to be the most expensive form of parental care after lactation, yet the effect of infant carrying on the energetics and performance of the carrier is virtually unknown. 2. Echelon swimming in cetacean (dolphin and whale) mother-infant dyads, described as calf ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01354.x

21. Risk-taking and survival in the House Sparrow Passer domesticus: are plumage ornaments costly

Author:
BÓKONY, VERONIKA; LIKER, ANDRÁS; LENDVAI, ÁDÁM Z.; KULCSÁR, ANNA
Source:
Ibis 2008 v.150 no.1 pp. 139-151
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
Passer domesticus; birds; color; females; males; melanization; plumage; predation; predators; production costs; risk; risk behavior; throat
Abstract:
... An important cost of sexual and social colour signals may be increased conspicuousness of the animals to visual predators. Although such predation costs have repeatedly been proposed for various ornaments of birds, especially for melanised and depigmented signals with low presumed production costs, tests of this hypothesis are rare and inconclusive. In this study we investigated whether individual ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00756.x

22. Sex adjustments are not functionally costly in simultaneous hermaphrodites

Author:
M. C. Lorenzi; D. Schleicherova; G. Sella
Source:
Marine biology 2008 v.153 no.4 pp. 599-604
ISSN:
0025-3162
Subject:
cross-over studies; females; hermaphroditism; males; monogamy; outcrossing; plasticity; progeny; reproductive performance; reproductive success; sex allocation
Abstract:
... Because of their double sex functions, hermaphrodites are selected to optimize their investment in the two sex functions. Sex allocation (SA) theory predicts that, in promiscuous mating conditions, simultaneous hermaphrodites should adjust their reproductive investment so as to invest an amount of resources into the male relatively larger than that invested into the female function. In contrast, i ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00227-007-0833-7

23. To Comply or Not To Comply? Pollution Standard Setting Under Costly Monitoring and Sanctioning

Author:
Arguedas, Carmen
Source:
Environmental and resource economics 2008 v.41 no.2 pp. 155-168
ISSN:
0924-6460
Subject:
compliance; issues and policy; monitoring; pollution; probability
Abstract:
... In this paper, we characterize optimal regulatory policies composed of a pollution standard, a probability of inspection and a fine for non-compliance, in a context where both monitoring and sanctioning are socially costly, and the penalty may include gravity and non-gravity components at the regulator's discretion. Under given penalties, the optimal policy entails compliance with the standard as ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10640-007-9185-5

24. Costly sexual harassment in a beetle

Author:
GAY, LAURÉNE; EADY, PAUL E.; VASUDEV, RAM; HOSKEN, DAVID J.; TREGENZA, TOM
Source:
Physiological entomology 2009 v.34 no.1 pp. 86-92
ISSN:
0307-6962
Subject:
Callosobruchus maculatus; copulation; egg production; eggs; females; male genitalia; males; mating frequency; progeny; sexual selection; toxic substances
Abstract:
... The optimal number of mating partners for females rarely coincides with that for males, leading to sexual conflict over mating frequency. In the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, the fitness consequences to females of engaging in multiple copulations are complex, with studies demonstrating both costs and benefits to multiple mating. However, females kept continuously with males have a lower ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3032.2008.00656.x

25. Experimentally Constrained Virulence is Costly for Common Cuckoo Chicks

Author:
Grim, Tomáš; Rutila, Jarkko; Cassey, Phillip; Hauber, Mark E.
Source:
Ethology 2009 v.115 no.1 pp. 14-22
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Cuculus canorus; parasites; nests; eggs; hatching; progeny; observational studies; chicks; virulence
Abstract:
... Chicks of some avian brood parasites show high virulence by eliminating all host progeny in the nest whereas others develop in the presence of host nestmates. Common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) chicks are typically highly virulent parasites as they attempt to evict all host eggs and chicks soon after hatching. However, several features of nest design, including steep walls and/or cavity nests, may ef ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01574.x

26. Farming-related caustic ingestion by a 2-year-old: Innocent play with costly results

Author:
Al-Kassar, Ghiath; Knobloch, Mary Jo
Source:
Journal of agromedicine 2009 v.14 no.4 pp. 437-441
ISSN:
1059-924X
Subject:
occupational accidents; occupational exposure; children
DOI:
10.1080/10599240903263885
PubMed:
19894165

27. High Rates of Mammary Tissue Protein Turnover in Lactating Goats Are Energetically Costly

Author:
Hanigan, Mark D.; France, James; Mabjeesh, Sameer J.; McNabb, Warren C.; Bequette, Brian J.
Source:
Journal of nutrition 2009 v.139 no.6 pp. 1118-1127
ISSN:
0022-3166
Subject:
mammary glands; animal tissues; tissue analysis; lactation; goats; energy requirements; amino acid metabolism; milk composition; milk analysis; protein synthesis; udders; transamination
Abstract:
... The high energetic demands and metabolism of amino acids (AA) within the lactating mammary gland have been ascribed to the requirements for milk component synthesis and tissue maintenance. Our objective in this work was to assess rates of protein synthesis from several AA so that the energetic costs of tissue maintenance could be better reflected. Lactating goats (n = 4) were given staggered infus ...
DOI:
10.3945/jn.108.103002
PubMed:
19403714

28. Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements with Costly Monitoring for Compliance

Author:
McEvoy, David M.; Stranlund, John K.
Source:
Environmental and resource economics 2009 v.42 no.4 pp. 491-508
ISSN:
0924-6460
Subject:
audits; compliance; environmental quality; funding; international cooperation; monitoring
Abstract:
... Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing compliance with these agreements once they are in place. In this paper we analy ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10640-008-9220-1

29. Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management

Author:
Rustagi, Devesh; Engel, Stefanie; Kosfeld, Michael
Source:
Science 2010 v.330 no.6006 pp. 961-965
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
coevolution; forests; humans; laboratory experimentation; models; monitoring; social behavior; surveys; Ethiopia
Abstract:
... Recent evidence suggests that prosocial behaviors like conditional cooperation and costly norm enforcement can stabilize large-scale cooperation for commons management. However, field evidence on the extent to which variation in these behaviors among actual commons users accounts for natural commons outcomes is altogether missing. Here, we combine experimental measures of conditional cooperation a ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1193649

30. Costly Enforcement of Voluntary Environmental Agreements

Author:
McEvoy, David M.; Stranlund, John K.
Source:
Environmental and resource economics 2010 v.47 no.1 pp. 45-63
ISSN:
0924-6460
Subject:
emissions; industry; monitoring
Abstract:
... We examine the consequences of costly enforcement on the ability of voluntary agreements with industries to meet regulatory objectives, the levels of industry participation with these agreements, and the relative efficiency of voluntary and regulatory approaches. A voluntary agreement can be more efficient in reaching an aggregate emissions target than a conventional emissions tax, but only if: (1 ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10640-010-9364-7

31. Detection of poliovirus by ICC/qPCR in concentrated water samples has greater sensitivity and is less costly using BGM cells in suspension as compared to monolayers

Author:
Helene B Balkin; Aaron B Margolin
Source:
Virology journal 2010 v.7 no.1 pp. 282
ISSN:
1743-422X
Subject:
Macaca mulatta; buffaloes; carcinoma; cell culture; cell lines; cost effectiveness; humans; kidneys; monkeys; pathogenicity; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; virology; viruses
Abstract:
... The integrated cell culture quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (ICC/qRT-PCR) method is used in our lab to detect enteroviruses in environmental waters. Typically we utilize monolayers of 3 cell lines; buffalo green monkey kidney (BGM), human colonic carcinoma (CACO-2) and African rhesus monkey kidney (MA104) with the intent of providing one or more permissive hosts to a wide range of enterovir ...
DOI:
10.1186/1743-422X-7-282

32. Experimental Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival

Author:
Dias, Raphael I.; Castilho, Leonardo; Macedo, Regina H.
Source:
Ethology 2010 v.116 no.11 pp. 1011-1019
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Passeriformes; breeding; breeding season; edge effects; grasses; habitats; males; nesting sites; nests; plant architecture; predation; predators; shrubs
Abstract:
... Nest predation is one of the most significant limitations for successful breeding of tropical passerines. Thus, parental strategies may include choosing appropriate nest sites and behaving in ways that minimize predation. Habitat characteristics that may influence nest success include degree of nest concealment, proximity to habitat edge, plant architecture as well as several others cited in the l ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01817.x

33. Are chronic avian haemosporidian infections costly in wild birds?

Author:
Muhammad Asghar; Dennis Hasselquist; Staffan Bensch
Source:
Journal of avian biology 2011 v.42 no.6 pp. 530-537
ISSN:
0908-8857
Subject:
Acrocephalus; Haemoproteus; Plasmodium relictum; adults; blood; breeding season; breeding sites; females; life history; males; mixed infection; parasitemia; parasites; progeny; spring; wild birds; Sweden
Abstract:
... One group of commonly found parasites in birds, for which fitness consequences and effects on life history traits have been much debated are Haemosporidian blood parasites. In a long term study population of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus in Sweden, previous studies have shown that the Haemosporidian blood parasites are in their chronic phase during the breeding season and that the ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05281.x

34. Costly plastic morphological responses to predator specific odour cues in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Author:
Frommen, Joachim G.; Herder, Fabian; Engqvist, Leif; Mehlis, Marion; Bakker, Theo C. M.; Schwarzer, Julia; Thünken, Timo
Source:
Evolutionary ecology 2011 v.25 no.3 pp. 641-656
ISSN:
0269-7653
Subject:
Gasterosteus aculeatus; evolution; fish; invertebrates; odors; phenotypic plasticity; predation; risk
Abstract:
... Predation risk is one of the major forces affecting phenotypic variation among and within animal populations. While fixed anti-predator morphologies are favoured when predation level is consistently high, plastic morphological responses are advantageous when predation risk is changing temporarily, spatially, or qualitatively. Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are well known for th ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10682-010-9454-6

35. Cryptic combat against competing microbes is a costly component of parental care in a digger wasp

Author:
Gudrun Herzner; Tobias Engl; Erhard Strohm
Source:
Animal behaviour 2011 v.82 no.2 pp. 321-328
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Philanthus triangulum; animal behavior; animals; females; fungi; honey bees; hydrocarbons; larvae; nests; pathogens; progeny; risk; soil
Abstract:
... Microorganisms are ubiquitous and key selective agents in parental care behaviour. Various animal species have thus evolved diverse means to prevent and combat detrimental effects of microbial competitors and pathogens on their offspring. The European beewolf, Philanthus triangulum, is a solitary crabronid wasp that stores paralysed honeybees as larval provisions in subterranean nests. In the soil ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.006

36. The European Commission's light bulb decree: Another costly regulation?

Author:
Manuel Frondel; Steffen Lohmann
Source:
Energy policy 2011 v.39 no.6 pp. 3177-3181
ISSN:
0301-4215
Subject:
cost effectiveness; electricity; energy conservation; energy costs; energy efficiency; environmental markets; fluorescent lighting; greenhouse gas emissions; households; incandescent lighting; prices; purchasing
Abstract:
... Since September 2009, Regulation 244/2009 of the European Commission enforces the gradual phase-out of incandescent light bulbs. As of September 2012, only energy-efficient lighting sources will be allowed for sale. Among these are halogen light bulbs, light-emitting diodes (LED), or compact fluorescent light bulbs—often referred to as energy-saving light bulbs. The Commission's justification for ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.enpol.2011.02.072

37. Female mate preference for a costly ornament in male guppies

Author:
Kenji Karino; Takatsugu Ishiwatari; Hiromi Kudo; Aya Sato
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2011 v.65 no.6 pp. 1305-1315
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Poecilia reticulata; females; fins; males
Abstract:
... Female mate preference for dorsal fin length in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was investigated. In a dichotomous choice experiment using live males, females preferred males with longer dorsal fins to those with shorter dorsal fins. When the dorsal fin lengths of the two males were reversed by surgical manipulation, the females reversed their preference. To further examine this preference beha ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-011-1144-z

38. Longevity and aging in insects: Is reproduction costly; cheap; beneficial or irrelevant? A critical evaluation of the “trade-off” concept

Author:
Arnold De Loof
Source:
Journal of insect physiology 2011 v.57 no.1 pp. 1-11
ISSN:
0022-1910
Subject:
Apoidea; Caenorhabditis elegans; DNA methylation; Drosophila; Formicidae; egg production; eggs; females; honey bees; longevity; males; metabolism; mice; oxidative stress; sisters; spermidine
Abstract:
... The most prevalent hypothesis concerning the relationship between reproduction and longevity predicts that reproduction is costly, particularly in females. Specifically, egg production and sexual harassment of females by males reduce female longevity. This may apply to some short-lived species such as Drosophila, but not to some long-lived species such as the queens of ants and bees. Bee queens la ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.018
PubMed:
20920508

39. Mismatched reproduction is energetically costly for chick feeding female great tits

Author:
Luc te Marvelde; Simone L. Webber; Harro A. J. Meijer; Marcel E. Visser
Source:
Functional ecology 2011 v.25 no.6 pp. 1302-1308
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
foods; oviposition; rearing; Parus major; energy expenditure; food availability; global warming; observational studies; temperature; chicks; females
Abstract:
... 1. Climate change has caused a phenological mismatch between the timing of reproduction and the local food peak in many bird species. Late breeding birds therefore experience reduced food availability during chick rearing and are thus predicted to have an increased energy expenditure. Observational studies, however, show mixed results, perhaps because they compare energy expenditure across rather ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01889.x

40. Oxidative status and telomere length in a long-lived bird facing a costly reproductive event

Author:
Beaulieu, Michaël; Reichert, Sophie; Le Maho, Yvon; Ancel, André; Criscuolo, François
Source:
Functional ecology 2011 v.25 no.3 pp. 577-585
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
life history; penguins; telomeres; Pygoscelis; parents; adverse effects; breeding; antioxidant activity; antioxidants; oxidative stress
Abstract:
... 1. Life-history theory predicts that high reproductive investment alters self-maintenance. Several mechanisms underlying the cost of reproduction have been previously suggested, but how parental effort may impact cell and organism maintenance remains largely unknown. The effects of oxidative stress - the imbalance between oxidative damage and defences - on telomere dynamics may underlie this relat ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01825.x

41. Rewarding carbon sequestration in South-Western French forests: A costly operation?

Author:
Guillaume Pajot
Source:
Journal of forest economics 2011 v.17 no.4 pp. 363-377
ISSN:
1104-6899
Subject:
carbon; carbon sequestration; carbon sinks; case studies; climate change; cost effectiveness; forests; prices; social benefit; France
Abstract:
... The extension of rotation lengths in forests has been proposed as an option for increasing carbon storage and contributing to climate change mitigation. This paper presents the results of a case study conducted on forests located in the southwest of France. The aim of this research was to assess the cost effectiveness of a subsidy/tax system on carbon fluxes. First, it is shown that such a mechani ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jfe.2010.12.002

42. Selective integration advantages when transience is costly: immigration behaviour in an agrobiont spider

Author:
Dries Bonte; Nele De Meester; Erik Matthysen
Source:
Animal behaviour 2011 v.81 no.4 pp. 837-841
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Araneae; animal behavior; gene flow; immigration; laboratory experimentation; microhabitats; ownership; phenotype; population dynamics; species dispersal
Abstract:
... Dispersal, and especially movement between the natal and the new environment, is a costly process. Costs are incurred not only during the preparation or transfer phase but also on arrival in a new environment. Such costs comprise, for instance, time costs because of the need to search for a suitable microhabitat or integration costs when immigration occurs in already densely populated habitat. The ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.019

43. Switching to Perennial Energy Crops Under Uncertainty and Costly Reversibility

Author:
Feng Song; Jinhua Zhao; Scott M. Swinton
Source:
American journal of agricultural economics 2011 v.93 no.3 pp. 768-783
ISSN:
0002-9092
Subject:
Glycine max; Panicum virgatum; Zea mays; agricultural economics; corn; crop rotation; cropland; energy crops; farmers; issues and policy; models; prediction; soybeans; stochastic processes; uncertainty
Abstract:
... We study a farmer's decision to convert traditional cropland into land for growing dedicated energy crops, taking into account sunk conversion costs and uncertainties in crop returns. The optimal decision rules differ significantly from the expected net present value rule, which ignores uncertainties, and from real options models that allow only one‐way conversion into energy crops. These models a ...
DOI:
10.1093/ajae/aar018

44. Systemin-inducible defence against pests is costly in tomato

Author:
Corrado, G.; Agrelli, D.; Rocco, M.; Basile, B.; Marra, M.; Rao, R.
Source:
Biologia plantarum 2011 v.55 no.2 pp. 305-311
ISSN:
0006-3134
Subject:
gene expression; herbivores; pests; tomatoes; transgenic plants
Abstract:
... The possible costs of inducible defences against pests were evaluated in tomato. To activate inducible resistance traits, we used transgenic plants that over-expressed the systemin precursor (prosystemin). The constitutive expression of the prosystemin, which is normally induced by herbivores in tomato, allowed the measurement of the impact of induced defences in a pest-free environment. The resul ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10535-011-0043-5

45. Avoided Deforestation: How Costly? How Powerful a Tool?

Author:
Roger A. Sedjo
Source:
Journal of sustainable forestry 2012 v.31 no.1-2 pp. 3-10
ISSN:
1540-756X
Subject:
carbon; carbon sequestration; climate change; deforestation; emissions; tropical forests
Abstract:
... Tropical deforestation has been a major environmental issue for decades, yet the main focus of the rationale for forest protection has been shifted over time. Recently, in the light of climate change, forests are attracting attention for its function of carbon sequestration and storing. In order to slow down the accelerating emission of carbon arising from deforestation in the carbon-rich tropical ...
DOI:
10.1080/10549811.2011.565708

46. Costly copulation in the wild: mating increases the risk of parasitoid-mediated death in swarming locusts

Author:
Darrell J. Kemp
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2012 v.23 no.1 pp. 191-194
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
Chortoicetes terminifera; Sphex; adults; copulation; death; females; locusts; longevity; males; parasitism; parasitoids; plague; predation; risk; swarming; Australia
Abstract:
... Increased vulnerability to predation while copulating is an often-touted cost of reproduction, but empirical data on such costs are rare. Here, I demonstrate a predation cost to mating in the wild, as levied by parasitoid digger wasps (Sphex cognatus) on a population of Australian plague locusts (Chortoicetes terminifera). In December 2010, brood-provisioning female S. cognatus were observed captu ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arr173

47. Density‐dependent investment in costly anti‐predator defences: an explanation for the weak survival benefit of group living

Author:
Derek Daly; A. D. Higginson; Dong Chen; G. D. Ruxton; M. P. Speed
Source:
Ecology letters 2012 v.15 no.6 pp. 576-583
ISSN:
1461-023X
Subject:
Pieris brassicae; group effect; group size; larvae; models; mortality; predators
Abstract:
... Ecology Letters (2012) ABSTRACT: A central explanation for group living across animal taxa is the reduced rate of attack by predators. However, many field observations show a weak or non‐existent effect of group size on per capita mortality rates. Herein we resolve this apparent paradox. We found that Pieris brassicae larvae defended themselves less readily when in groups than when alone, in that ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01770.x
PubMed:
22487271

48. Honey bees use social information in waggle dances more fully when foraging errors are more costly

Author:
Margaret K. Wray; Barrett A. Klein; Thomas D. Seeley
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2012 v.23 no.1 pp. 125-131
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
Apis mellifera; animals; bee dances; foods; foraging; honey bees
Abstract:
... Social animals can obtain valuable information from group members, but sometimes experience conflicts between this social information and personal information obtained through their own experience. Experienced honey bee foragers (Apis mellifera) have personal information about familiar food sources, and can also obtain social information by following waggle dances. However, it is unclear whether t ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arr165

49. Unraveling the true complexity of costly color signaling

Author:
Darrell J. Kemp; Marie E. Herberstein; Gregory F. Grether
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2012 v.23 no.2 pp. 233-236
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
bioluminescence; carotenoids; color; ecology; fluorescence; light scattering; pigments; reflectance; wavelengths
Abstract:
... Conspicuous displays of color comprise an enormously diverse and functionally complex class of biological signals. Many of these displays are widely publicized as resulting from chemical colorants known as pigments, which act by selectively "absorbing" part of the light spectrum (Appendix 1). However, the full diversity of animal coloration is just as strongly influenced by optically active surfac ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arr153

50. Utilization of coir fibers as an eco-friendly substitute for costly gelling agents for in vitro orchid seed germination

Author:
Simmi Aggarwal; C. Nirmala
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2012 v.133 no. pp. 89-92
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Cymbidium; agar; charcoal; clay; coir; gelling agents; greenhouses; growing media; in vitro culture; leaves; nutrient solutions; plant containers; roots; seed germination; seedlings; seeds
Abstract:
... The efficacy of coir as a supportive base and as an alternative to standard, costly agar-gelled media, was explored as a means for propagating Cymbidium pendulum (Roxb.) Sw. in vitro through seedling culture. Germination time and morphological differences were compared for embryos cultured on coir fibers soaked in distilled water, in a standard Mitra orchid growing medium with and without agar. Al ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.010

51. Where renewable electricity is concerned, how costly is “too costly”?

Author:
William F. Pickard
Source:
Energy policy 2012 v.49 no. pp. 346-354
ISSN:
0301-4215
Subject:
carbon; electricity; energy; energy costs; fossil fuels
Abstract:
... Present day electricity is a bargain. It frees mankind from a host of dirty, debilitating occupations—epitomized by the now endangered occupation of legger. Correctly applied, electricity would make a most excellent paramount energy carrier for a post-carbon world. It is, however, only an energy carrier and not a source of energy, the preeminent source for its generation being bargain-priced fossi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.036

52. A multi‐event model to study stage‐dependent dispersal in radio‐collared hares: when hunting promotes costly transience

Author:
Alexis Avril; Jérôme Letty; Roger Pradel; Yves Léonard; Hugues Santin-Janin; Dominique Pontier
Source:
Ecology 2012 v.93 no.6 pp. 1305-1316
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
demographic statistics; energy costs; habitats; hares; humans; models; philopatry; risk; survival rate; telemetry
Abstract:
... Behavioral ecologists have often assumed that dispersal is costly mainly because of unfamiliarity with traversed habitats during dispersal and energy costs of the movement per se; thus, dispersers that have successfully settled should experience survival rates comparable to those of philopatric individuals. In this paper, we tested that hypothesis using 152 radio‐collared European hares in a harve ...
DOI:
10.1890/11-1742.1

53. Are female offspring from a single-egg seabird more costly to raise?

Author:
Ditte Lyngbo Kristensen; Kjell Einar Erikstad; Tone Kristin Reiertsen; Truls Moum; Robert T. Barrett; Susanne Jenni-Eiermann
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2013 v.24 no.1 pp. 136-143
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
Uria aalge; adults; body condition; breeding season; chicks; corticosterone; environmental factors; females; fledglings; hatching; males; nesting sites; parents; progeny; seabirds; sex allocation; sex ratio
Abstract:
... If the fitness benefits gained from producing male and female offspring differ due to parental or environmental conditions, parents should adjust their level of investment accordingly. We studied sex allocation and reproductive investment in a population of common guillemots (Uria aalge) in 2 breeding seasons. The common guillemot is a single-egg species and the male is only slightly larger than t ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/ars144

54. Capturing the least costly way of reducing pollution: A shadow price approach

Author:
Kenneth Løvold Rødseth
Source:
Ecological economics 2013 v.92 pp. 16-24
ISSN:
0921-8009
Subject:
compliance; models; pollutants; pollution control; prices
Abstract:
... The production analysis literature is increasingly concerned with estimating marginal abatement costs. Yet, most studies do not emphasize the ways in which pollutants may be reduced and their costs, which makes them unable to identify the least costly compliance strategy. This paper utilizes the materials balance principle to relate pollution to the employment of material inputs. A production mode ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.006

55. Costly leaf shelters protect moth pupae from parasitoids

Author:
E. F. LoPresti; D. H. Morse
Source:
Arthropod-plant interactions 2013 v.7 no.4 pp. 445-453
ISSN:
1872-8855
Subject:
Herpetogramma; ferns and fern allies; leaves; moths; parasitism; parasitoids; predation; pupation; risk
Abstract:
... Many caterpillars construct shelters by folding leaves and feeding from within. Many shelter-constructing species suffer high rates of parasitism as larvae or pupae. In spite of the likely significance, the effects of these shelters on the survival of pupae and the trade-off between feeding and constructing shelters have attracted little experimental attention. In both field and laboratory experim ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11829-013-9261-4

56. Is shared male assistance with antiparasitic nest defence costly in the polygynous great reed warbler?

Author:
Milica Požgayová; Petr Procházka; Marcel Honza
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.3 pp. 615-621
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Acrocephalus; Cuculus canorus; aggression; animal behavior; antiparasitic agents; females; males; nests; parasitism; polygyny; probability; socioeconomic status
Abstract:
... Polygyny typically has negative fitness consequences for secondary females, but may equally impose costs on primary females or even on polygynous males. We investigated how polygynous and monogamous great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, males assist their mates with aggressive nest defence against the common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and whether the females adjust their nest defence intens ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.024

57. Step thinking and costly coordination

Author:
Enrique Fatas; Antonio J. Morales
Source:
Economics letters 2013 v.120 no.2 pp. 181-183
ISSN:
0165-1765
Subject:
economics; games
Abstract:
... Using the experimental sessions of Goeree and Holt (2005), we show that step thinking fits the long-run outcome of minimum-effort and median-effort games surprisingly well for all values of the cost parameter. In the latter, the predicted discontinuous behaviour of step thinking accommodates the bimodal pattern observed for the intermediate values of the cost parameter quite well. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.econlet.2013.03.032

58. To Favor Survival Under Food Shortage, the Brain Disables Costly Memory

Author:
Pierre-Yves Plaçais; Thomas Preat
Source:
Science 2013 v.339 no.6118 pp. 440-442
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Drosophila; brain; energy; food deprivation; food shortages; hunger; memory; protein synthesis; starvation
Abstract:
... Hunger and Memory During starvation, are all brain functions slowed down, or are specific functions disabled to save energy? Plaçais and Preat (p. 440) investigated how the brain of Drosophila deals with severe resource limitation. The brain cut selected expenses to reduce the threat to survival and switched off the formation of aversive long-term memory that depends on costly protein synthesis. H ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1226018

59. Using solar-powered refrigeration for vaccine storage where other sources of reliable electricity are inadequate or costly

Author:
Steve McCarney; Joanie Robertson; Juliette Arnaud; Kristina Lorenson; John Lloyd
Source:
Vaccine 2013 v.31 no.51 pp. 6050-6057
ISSN:
0264-410X
Subject:
World Health Organization; absorption; batteries; cold; developing countries; electricity; immunization; refrigeration; refrigerators; solar radiation; technicians; temperature; vaccines
Abstract:
... Large areas of many developing countries have no grid electricity. This is a serious challenge that threatens the continuity of the vaccine cold chain. The main alternatives to electrically powered refrigerators available for many years—kerosene- and gas-driven refrigerators—are plagued by problems with gas supply interruptions, low efficiency, poor temperature control, and frequent maintenance ne ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.076

60. Complexity is costly: a meta‐analysis of parametric and non‐parametric methods for short‐term population forecasting

Author:
Eric J. Ward; Eli E. Holmes; James T. Thorson; Ben Collen
Source:
Oikos 2014 v.123 no.6 pp. 652-661
ISSN:
0030-1299
Subject:
birds; life history; mammals; marine fish; salmon; statistical models; surveys; time series analysis; trophic relationships; variance
Abstract:
... Short‐term forecasts based on time series of counts or survey data are widely used in population biology to provide advice concerning the management, harvest and conservation of natural populations. A common approach to produce these forecasts uses time‐series models, of different types, fit to time series of counts. Similar time‐series models are used in many other disciplines, however relative t ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-0706.2014.00916.x

61. Costly sons do not lead to adaptive sex ratio adjustment in pilot whales, Globicephala melas

Author:
Hazel J. Nichols; Karen Fullard; William Amos
Source:
Animal behaviour 2014 v.88 pp. 203-209
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
animal behavior; body condition; calves; data collection; daughters; females; lactation; males; morphometry; mothers; pods; probability; reproduction; sex ratio; sons; whales
Abstract:
... Maternal investment in reproduction and parental care is an important determinant of both offspring and maternal fitness. However, optimal investment strategies may differ depending on offspring sex, potentially resulting in a sex-biased distribution of maternal resources or adaptive variation in offspring sex ratio. We used morphometric and genetic data collected from over 3400 long-finned pilot ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.12.015

62. Crop substitution behavior among food crop farmers in Ghana: an efficient adaptation to climate change or costly stagnation in traditional agricultural production system?

Author:
Zakaria A Issahaku; Keshav L Maharjan
Source:
Agricultural and food economics 2014 v.2 no.1 pp. 16
ISSN:
2193-7532
Subject:
cassava; climate change; corn; crop yield; drying; farmers; food crops; models; planting; prices; rice; tropics; yams; Ghana
Abstract:
... This study analyzes impact of climate change on yield, planting decisions and output of five major food crops (cassava, maize, sorghum, rice and yam) in Ghana. Results of Multivariate Tobit Model show that yield, planting decisions and output of cassava, maize, sorghum and rice will increase as a result of climate change. This is in clear contrast to the hypothesis that warming and drying will red ...
DOI:
10.1186/s40100-014-0016-z

63. How does honest costly signaling work?

Author:
James P. Higham
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2014 v.25 no.1 pp. 8-11
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
animal communication; animal ecology; mathematical theory; prices
Abstract:
... Lay summary:The most commonly cited mechanism by which biological signals are kept honest is Zahavi’s (1975) ‘handicap principle’. This suggests that individuals must pay a high price to give their own signals to maintain honesty. Recently, a number of criticisms of this idea have been published. This manuscript clarifies, reiterates, and develops some of these arguments. I emphasize that measurin ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/art097

64. On the structural development of arable land in Finland – How costly will it be for the climate?

Author:
Juhana Hiironen; Kirsikka Niukkanen
Source:
Land use policy 2014 v.36 pp. 192-198
ISSN:
0264-8377
Subject:
European Union; agricultural machinery and equipment; arable soils; climate; farmers; farms; gasoline; greenhouse gas emissions; land use; profitability; shadow prices; traffic; villages; work schedules; Finland
Abstract:
... Finland is the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland's northern location presents special challenges for the profitability of agriculture. At the same time Finland has a fragmented property structure which means that each farmer cultivates a number of separate fields that are scattered into small parcels located around the village. The situation came into being because of ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.008

65. PHA-induced inflammation is not energetically costly in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tucos)

Author:
Julieta L. Merlo; Ana P. Cutrera; Facundo Luna; Roxana R. Zenuto
Source:
Comparative biochemistry and physiology 2014 v.175 pp. 90-95
ISSN:
1095-6433
Subject:
autoimmunity; birds; cost estimates; immune response; immune system; inflammation; life history; oxidative stress; oxygen consumption; phytohemagglutinin; prediction; reproduction; rodents
Abstract:
... Immune activity has been proposed to be associated with substantial costs, due to trade-offs with other functions or activities that share common resources and contribute to an animal's fitness. However, direct estimates of the cost of mounting an immune response are few and have been performed mainly in birds. Thus, further work is needed to clarify the relative costs of different components of t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.021

66. Too costly to matter: Economics of nuclear power for Saudi Arabia

Author:
Ali Ahmad; M.V. Ramana
Source:
Energy 2014 v.69 pp. 682-694
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
desalination; electricity; electricity generation; energy costs; exports; income; natural gas; nuclear power; oils; opportunity costs; power plants; prices; solar energy; Saudi Arabia
Abstract:
... Saudi Arabia has ambitious plans for nuclear power. Given this context, this paper examines the economics of nuclear power and compares it to two other sources of electricity, natural gas and solar energy. It calculates the costs of electricity generation, water desalination and the opportunity cost associated with forgone oil and gas revenues. A sensitivity analysis is included to account for var ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.064

67. The unique equilibrium in a model of sales with costly advertising

Author:
Michael A. Arnold; Lan Zhang
Source:
Economics letters 2014 v.124 no.3 pp. 457-460
ISSN:
0165-1765
Subject:
advertising; models; sales
Abstract:
... We demonstrate that the Varian (1980) model of sales has a unique Nash equilibrium when firms incur costly advertising to compete for informed consumers. The equilibrium is symmetric. In particular, with costly advertising, the asymmetric equilibria highlighted by Baye et al. (1992) do not arise. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.econlet.2014.07.005

68. Capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, show no evidence for inequity aversion in a costly choice task

Author:
Katherine McAuliffe; Linda W. Chang; Kristin L. Leimgruber; Rebecca Spaulding; Peter R. Blake; Laurie R. Santos
Source:
Animal behaviour 2015 v.103 pp. 65-74
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Cebus; adults; animal behavior; children; evolution; humans; resource allocation
Abstract:
... Human adults and children respond negatively to inequity, even sacrificing personal gain to avoid both disadvantageous (more for you, less for me) and advantageous (more for me, less for you) resource allocations. Recent work has argued that some nonhuman animals share this response, but findings for inequity aversion outside of humans are controversial. Unfortunately, animals' negative responses ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.014

69. Costly sexual dimorphism in Cyclommatus metallifer stag beetles

Author:
Jana Goyens; Joris Dirckx; Peter Aerts; Goggy Davidowitz
Source:
Functional ecology 2015 v.29 no.1 pp. 35-43
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
Formicidae; Lucanidae; females; insects; locomotion; males; muscles; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... In many animal species, male armature has evolved through sexual selection. This male weaponry can increase reproductive success, but only if the owner overcomes the associated costs. Male stag beetles bear one of the most extreme examples of male weaponry: their mandibles can be almost as long as their own body. We question whether the armature of male Cyclommatus metallifer negatively affects te ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2435.12294

70. International Environmental Agreements: The Case of Costly Monetary Transfers

Author:
Basak Bayramoglu; Jean-François Jacques
Source:
Environmental and resource economics 2015 v.62 no.4 pp. 745-767
ISSN:
0924-6460
Subject:
air pollution; environmental policy; government payments; international agreements; pollution control
Abstract:
... Most existing international environmental agreements to resolve transboundary pollution problems appear constrained in the sense that either monetary transfers accompany uniform abatement standards (agreements based on a uniform standard with monetary transfers), or differentiated abatement standards are established, but without monetary transfers (agreements based on differentiated standards). Fo ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10640-014-9837-1

71. Male-male competition is not costly to dominant males in a cooperatively breeding bird

Author:
Martha J. Nelson-Flower; Amanda R. Ridley
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2015 v.69 no.12 pp. 1997-2004
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
adults; aggression; birds; breeding; breeding season; energy expenditure; females; fledglings; food availability; group size; males; nests; paternity; risk
Abstract:
... Male-male reproductive competition occurs in many animal societies and can be costly, both through aggression or energy expenditure prior to mating and lost paternity. In most cooperative breeders, socially dominant males breed more often than do subordinates, but the costs of pre-copulatory subordinate male reproductive competition (including unsuccessful competition) have rarely been investigate ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-015-2011-0

72. Sex-specific negotiation rules in a costly conflict over parental care

Author:
Arne Iserbyt; Samantha Farrell; Marcel Eens; Wendt Müller
Source:
Animal behaviour 2015 v.100 pp. 52-58
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Serinus canaria; adults; animal behavior; canaries; conflict management; feeding methods; females; fledglings; males; parents; progeny; reproduction
Abstract:
... Sexual conflict theory predicts a trade-off in individual parental care allocated to either current or future reproduction. The optimal amount of current parental effort is expected to differ between adult males and females, with a conflict resolution being reached by negotiation depending on multiple family cues. Currently, a debate exists on how negotiation takes place, along with its potential ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.014

73. Cannibalism, competition, and costly care in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus

Author:
Aneesh P.H. Bose; Grant B. McClelland; Sigal Balshine
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2016 v.27 no.2 pp. 628-636
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
Porichthys notatus; body condition; cannibalism; energy; fish; nests; parents; progeny
Abstract:
... Using the plainfin midshipman fish, we tested the hypothesis that parents providing care will cannibalize their young to compensate for poor body condition. Such starvation-induced cannibalism is commonly reported among animals but has not been fully explored. We found that although parental care in this species causes individuals to lose body condition and energy reserves, those fish most in need ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arv203

74. Does nutritional status constrain adoption of more costly and less risky foraging behaviour in an Amazonian shelter-building spider?

Author:
R. R. Moura; L. C. Leal; T. G. Kloss
Source:
Journal of natural history 2016 v.50 no.45-46 pp. 2829-2837
ISSN:
1464-5262
Subject:
Araneidae; animals; energy expenditure; foraging; malnutrition; nutritional status
Abstract:
... Individual nutritional status may increase marginal foraging costs and potentially drive animal foraging strategies. Here, we investigated how it might affect foraging strategies of the shelter-building spider Hingstepeira folisecens (Hingston 1932) (Araneidae). This spider can catch prey using two strategies with different relative costs: ‘pulling’ (higher energy expenditure) and ‘pursuing’ (lowe ...
DOI:
10.1080/00222933.2016.1211768

75. Optimal management of a stochastically varying population when policy adjustment is costly

Author:
Carl Boettiger; Michael Bode; James N. Sanchirico; Jacob LaRiviere; Alan Hastings; Paul R. Armsworth
Source:
Ecological applications 2016 v.26 no.3 pp. 808-817
ISSN:
1051-0761
Subject:
economic impact; fisheries management; issues and policy
Abstract:
... Ecological systems are dynamic and policies to manage them need to respond to that variation. However, policy adjustments will sometimes be costly, which means that fine‐tuning a policy to track variability in the environment very tightly will only sometimes be worthwhile. We use a classic fisheries management problem, how to manage a stochastically varying population using annually varying quotas ...
DOI:
10.1890/15-0236

76. Parental care is beneficial for offspring, costly for mothers, and limited by family size in an egg-feeding frog

Author:
Matthew B. Dugas; Caitlin N. Wamelink; Allison M. Killius; Corinne L. Richards-Zawacki
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2016 v.27 no.2 pp. 476-483
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
Oophaga pumilio; captive animals; ectothermy; eggs; family size; frogs; mothers; nuclear family; progeny; tadpoles
Abstract:
... Resource limitation shapes the nuclear family, even for an ectotherm living in captivity. Mother strawberry poison frogs (Oophaga pumilio) lay unfertilized eggs to feed their developing tadpoles, and this provisioning is beneficial to tadpoles. However, these caring mothers forgo alternative, new, reproductive opportunities, and seem to be limited, even when resources are superabundant: Tadpoles i ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arv173

77. Spoils of war and peace: enemy adoption and queen-right colony fusion follow costly intraspecific conflict in acacia ants

Author:
Kathleen P. Rudolph; Jay P. McEntee
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2016 v.27 no.3 pp. 793-802
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
Acacia; Formicidae; ant colonies; intraspecific competition; territoriality
Abstract:
... Territorial fights between acacia ant colonies can alter their genetic composition via 2 processes: victorious colonies adopt former enemies or colonies fuse. Acacia ant colonies engage in lethal contests for resources, in which even eventual victors suffer heavy casualties. After fights, victorious colonies with diminished workforces are less able to defend vital resources. Costs of fighting appe ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arv219

78. An experimental study of voting with costly delay

Author:
Maksymilian Kwiek; Helia Marreiros; Michael Vlassopoulos
Source:
Economics letters 2016 v.140 pp. 23-26
ISSN:
0165-1765
Subject:
economics; prediction
Abstract:
... A conclave is a voting mechanism in which a committee selects an alternative by voting until a sufficient supermajority is reached. We study experimentally welfare properties of simple three-voter conclaves with privately known preferences over two outcomes and waiting costs. The resulting game is a form of multiplayer war of attrition. Our key finding is that, consistent with theoretical predicti ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.econlet.2015.12.019

79. Chestnut Red Stain: Identification of the fungi associated with the costly discolouration of Castanea sativa

Author:
J. I. Yurkewich; C. Castaño; C. Colinas
Source:
Forest pathology 2017 v.47 no.4 pp. -
ISSN:
1437-4781
Subject:
Castanea sativa; Fistulina hepatica; discoloration; economic sustainability; epidemiological studies; forestry; fungal communities; fungi; internal transcribed spacers; market value; microbial culture; parks; pathogens; stumps; wood; Spain
Abstract:
... In Europe, fungal pathogens have reduced the overall productivity of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) stands and continue to threaten the economic viability of forestry operations. Chestnut Red Stain (CRS) in north‐eastern Spain, locally referred to as Roig, is capable of decreasing the market value of chestnut timber to the point of rendering chestnut coppices uneconomical. Despite its economic i ...
DOI:
10.1111/efp.12335

80. Costly Barriers to Sustainable Institutions: Empirical Evidence from State-Reinforced Management of a Communal Irrigation System in the Philippines

Author:
Doreen Ingosan Allasiw; Toshinori Tanaka; Takashi Mino
Source:
Sustainability 2017 v.9 no.5 pp. -
ISSN:
2071-1050
Subject:
case studies; cost analysis; empirical research; farmers; interviews; irrigation systems; Philippines
Abstract:
... This study examines the process and outcome of institutional change from a self-governing common-pool resources (CPR) model into state-reinforced self-governance. Empirical evidence is drawn from the Philippines’ experience in decentralizing the management of communal irrigation systems (CIS) to local farmers through Irrigators Associations (IAs). The field data were collected through archival res ...
DOI:
10.3390/su9050755

81. Costly voting, turnout, and candidate valence

Author:
Anna Lo Prete; Federico Revelli
Source:
Economics letters 2017 v.158 pp. 10-13
ISSN:
0165-1765
Subject:
economics; models
Abstract:
... We build a model of voluntary and costly expressive voting, where the relative weight of ideology and valence issues over voting costs determines how people vote and if they actually turn out to vote. In line with the conventional rational calculus approach, the model predicts that the cost of voting depresses voter turnout. Against the conventional wisdom, though, high voting cost/low turnout ele ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.econlet.2017.06.025

82. Encounters With Adult Brood Parasitic Cowbirds At Nests, Not Costly Parasitic Eggs, Elicit Nest Desertion By Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina)

Author:
Bill M. Strausberger; Mark E. Hauber
Source:
Wilson journal of ornithology 2017 v.129 no.3 pp. 554-559
ISSN:
1559-4491
Subject:
Molothrus ater; Spizella passerina; adults; brood parasitism; eggs; females; hosts; nests; Illinois
Abstract:
... Whereas most host species parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) accept cowbird eggs in their nests, others reject the foreign eggs or desert parasitized clutches. Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina) are a nest deserting host of cowbirds, but many of their nests continue to be incubated with cowbird eggs suggesting that cowbird eggs per se do not necessarily trigger desertion. We ...
DOI:
10.1676/16-102.1

83. Mixed farming diversification may be costly: southern Queensland case study

Author:
A. F. Zull; J. Owens; M. Bourgault; B. Johnson; G. Peck; N. Christodoulou
Source:
Crop & pasture science 2017 v.68 no.4 pp. 378-389
ISSN:
1836-0947
Subject:
capital; case studies; climate; farm profitability; farmers; farms; income; intensive cropping; livestock; livestock production; pastures; production technology; profits and margins; rain; risk; Queensland
Abstract:
... Many farmers in Australia and in other countries have a choice of crop or livestock production, and many choose a mixture of both, based on risk preference, personal interests, markets, land resources and local climate. Mixed farming can be a risk-spreading strategy, especially in highly variable climates, but the right scales of each enterprise within the mix may be critical to farm profitability ...
DOI:
10.1071/CP16193

84. Reproduction is costly in an infected aquatic insect

Author:
I.A. Krams; T. Krama; G. Trakimas; A. Kaasik; M.J. Rantala; A. Škute
Source:
Ethology, ecology & evolution 2017 v.29 no.1 pp. 74-84
ISSN:
1828-7131
Subject:
Calopteryx splendens; allopatry; aquatic insects; copulation; digestive system; encapsulation; energy; immune response; males; parasites; reproductive success; sexual selection; sympatry
Abstract:
... Internal energy reserves of animals are limited, and the current investment in reproduction often decreases survival or future reproductive success. Some studies showed that copulatory activities impair the strength of immune function in insects, while the recent evidence is contradictory. In this study we tested whether copulatory activity affects the rate of encapsulation response in males of Ca ...
DOI:
10.1080/03949370.2015.1089943

85. Strategies of chemical anti-predator defences in leaf beetles: is sequestration of plant toxins less costly than de novo synthesis?

Author:
Elena L. Zvereva; Vitali Zverev; Oksana Y. Kruglova; Mikhail V. Kozlov
Source:
Oecologia 2017 v.183 no.1 pp. 93-106
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Chrysomela; allelochemicals; chemical defenses; defensive secretions; glucosides; herbivores; host plants; larvae; meta-analysis; phytotoxins; predation; toxicity
Abstract:
... The evolution of defensive traits is driven both by benefits gained from protection against enemies and by costs of defence production. We tested the hypothesis that specialisation of herbivores on toxic host plants, accompanied by the ability to acquire plant defensive compounds for herbivore defence, is favoured by the lower costs of sequestration compared to de novo synthesis of defensive compo ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-016-3743-x

86. Advancing Biological Control of the Wheat Stem Sawfly: New Strategies in a 100-yr Struggle to Manage a Costly Pest in the Northern Great Plains

Author:
Scott L Portman; Stefan T Jaronski; David K Weaver; Gadi V P Reddy
Source:
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 2018 v.111 no.3 pp. 85-91
ISSN:
1938-2901
Subject:
Cephus cinctus; biological control; crop damage; cultivars; entomopathogenic fungi; entomopathogenic nematodes; financial economics; grain crops; indigenous species; insect control; insect larvae; insecticides; insects; parasitoids; pupae; Great Plains region; Montana
Abstract:
... For more than 100 yrs, the wheat stem sawfly (WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been a destructive pest of cereal crops in the Northern Great Plains. WSS infestation levels >70% have been reported, and economic loss from crop damage caused by this insect can be as high as $80 million (USD) per year in the state of Montana alone. Contact insecticides are not effective against ...
DOI:
10.1093/aesa/say002

87. Are females in good condition better able to cope with costly males?

Author:
Maider Iglesias-Carrasco; Michael D Jennions; Susanne R K Zajitschek; Megan L Head
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2018 v.29 no.4 pp. 876-884
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
copulation; females; males; phenotype
Abstract:
... The net gains females obtain from mating might depend on both her phenotype and that of her mate. We manipulated male and female conditions to determine their effects on mating behavior and fitness. Females mated with males in better condition started dislodging males sooner and had shorter copulations than females mated to poor condition males. However, there was no detectable fitness cost to fem ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/ary059

88. Coloration of chicks modulates costly interactions among family members

Author:
Judith Morales; Alberto Velando
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2018 v.29 no.4 pp. 894-903
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
Cyanistes caeruleus; chicks; color; fathers; mothers; nestlings; plumage; progeny; siblings
Abstract:
... Offspring in many animals display ornaments during parental dependency, but their role remains unclear. By reducing the plumage color of blue tit nestlings, we found that color influences sib-sib interactions, and also interactions between fathers (but not mothers) and chicks. Color-reduced nestlings received similar amounts of parental food, but they gained less body mass than control siblings, s ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/ary057

89. Compensation Payments and Animal Disease: Incentivising Farmers Both to Undertake Costly On-farm Biosecurity and to Comply with Disease Reporting Requirements

Author:
Rob Fraser
Source:
Environmental and resource economics 2018 v.70 no.3 pp. 617-629
ISSN:
0924-6460
Subject:
animal diseases; biosecurity; disease outbreaks; farmers; issues and policy; theoretical models; United Kingdom
Abstract:
... This paper examines the issue of compensation payments for farmers affected by an animal disease outbreak. Recent literature has questioned the scope for the widely used “single mechanism” of compensation payments to incentivise farmers both to undertake costly on-farm biosecurity and to comply with disease reporting requirements. This paper develops a simple theoretical model of the farmer’s deci ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10640-016-0102-7

90. Costly culture: differences in nut-cracking efficiency between wild chimpanzee groups

Author:
Lydia V. Luncz; Giulia Sirianni; Roger Mundry; Christophe Boesch
Source:
Animal behaviour 2018 v.137 pp. 63-73
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Pan troglodytes; animal behavior; animals; cracking; cultural differences; foraging; immigration; multicultural diversity; national parks; social behavior; social class; Cote d'Ivoire
Abstract:
... Cultural diversity among social groups has recently been documented in multiple animal species. Investigations of the origin and spread of diverse behaviour at group level in wild-ranging animals have added valuable information on social learning mechanisms under natural conditions. Behavioural diversity has been especially informative in the case of dispersal, where the transfer of individuals be ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.12.017

91. Cry1Ac production is costly for native plants attacked by non‐Cry1Ac‐targeted herbivores in the field

Author:
Erica McGale; Celia Diezel; Meredith C. Schuman; Ian T. Baldwin
Source:
new phytologist 2018 v.219 no.2 pp. 714-727
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Bacillus thuringiensis; Nicotiana attenuata; bacterial proteins; biomass; crystal proteins; flowers; genetic engineering; habitats; herbivores; indigenous species; insecticidal proteins; nontarget organisms; pesticide application; terrestrial ecosystems; transgenic plants; wild plants
Abstract:
... Plants are the primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems and have complex defense systems to protect their produce. Defense‐deficient, high‐yielding agricultural monocultures attract abundant nonhuman consumers, but are alternatively defended through pesticide application and genetic engineering to produce insecticidal proteins such as Cry1Ac (Bacillus thuringiensis). These approaches alter ...
DOI:
10.1111/nph.15207

92. Despite reproductive interference, the net outcome of reproductive interactions among spider mite species is not necessarily costly

Author:
Salomé H Clemente; Inês Santos; Rita Ponce; Leonor R Rodrigues; Susana A M Varela; Sara Magalhães
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2018 v.29 no.2 pp. 321-327
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
Tetranychidae; animal reproduction; crossing; herbivores; Mediterranean region
Abstract:
... Some closely-related species have reproductive interactions between them. Here, we show that the outcome of such interactions is highly variable. We did crosses among 3 species of herbivorous spider mites that co-occur in the Mediterranean and found that, depending on the order and timings of matings, they could be negative, neutral or positive. Therefore, the study of such interactions needs to a ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/arx161

93. How anonymity and norms influence costly support for environmental causes

Author:
Stepan Vesely; Christian A. Klöckner
Source:
Journal of environmental psychology 2018 v.58 pp. 27-30
ISSN:
0272-4944
Subject:
environment; environmental protection; psychology; social behavior
Abstract:
... Social norms are a key driver of pro-environmental action, but their influence may vary by context. An important contextual factor is behavior observability. We employ a laboratory quasi-experiment studying donations to environmental organizations under different levels of donor anonymity and under different levels of injunctive social norms. Decision observability amplifies the effect of norms: d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.07.013

94. Legislative bargaining with a stochastic surplus and costly recognition

Author:
Mustafa Yildirim
Source:
Economics letters 2018 v.163 pp. 102-105
ISSN:
0165-1765
Subject:
economics
Abstract:
... Merging Eraslan and Merlo (2002) and Yildirim (2007), I examine legislative bargaining with a stochastic surplus and costly recognition. I show the uniqueness of the symmetric stationary payoff under monotone hazard rate and an inefficiently early agreement under unanimity. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.econlet.2017.12.013

95. Otters Lutra lutra Switch to Costly Territorial Advertising when Occurrence Frequency Increases

Author:
Anna Kosmowska; Jerzy Romanowski
Source:
Mammal study 2018 v.44 no.1 pp. 65-67
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Lutra lutra; advertising; feces; grasses; rocks
Abstract:
... Otters (Lutra lutra) mark territories by depositing feces on prominent spots, like rocks or large tussocks of grass. However, sometimes they defecate on intentionally mounded heaps made of mud and/or plant material. We show that in sites occupied by otters the frequency of heap-making significantly increases with the frequency of otters occurrence and is independent of the availability of naturall ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2017-0083

96. Plants eavesdrop on cues produced by snails and induce costly defenses that affect insect herbivores

Author:
John L. Orrock; Brian M. Connolly; Won-Gyu Choi; Peter W. Guiden; Sarah J. Swanson; Simon Gilroy
Source:
Oecologia 2018 v.186 no.3 pp. 703-710
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Helix aspersa; Solanum lycopersicum; Spodoptera exigua; biocenosis; elicitors; environmental impact; kairomones; locomotion; methyl jasmonate; mucus; phytophagous insects; plant growth; risk; snails; tomatoes
Abstract:
... Although induced defenses are widespread in plants, the degree to which plants respond to herbivore kairomones (incidental chemicals that herbivores produce independent of herbivory), the costs and benefits of responding to cues of herbivory risk, and the ecological consequences of induced defenses remain unclear. We demonstrate that undamaged tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum, induce defenses in res ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-018-4070-1

97. Thiazole orange as an everyday replacement for ethidium bromide and costly DNA dyes for electrophoresis

Author:
Casey S. O'Neil; Jacie L. Beach; Todd D. Gruber
Source:
Electrophoresis 2018 v.39 no.12 pp. 1474-1477
ISSN:
0173-0835
Subject:
DNA damage; agarose; blue light; dyes; ethidium; gel electrophoresis; gels; molecular biology; plasmids; thiazoles; toxicity; ultraviolet radiation
Abstract:
... DNA gel electrophoresis is a standard tool of biochemistry and molecular biology laboratories. The common dye ethidium bromide suffers from toxicity concerns and requires the use of damaging ultraviolet light. We observe that exposing plasmid DNA to a UV transilluminator for only 1 s results in detectable loss of colonies following transformation, suggesting rapid accumulation of DNA damage. SYBR ...
DOI:
10.1002/elps.201700489

98. A costly chemical trait: phenotypic condition dependence of cuticular hydrocarbons in a dung beetle

Author:
Jacob D. Berson; Leigh W. Simmons
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2018 v.31 no.12 pp. 1772-1781
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Onthophagus taurus; ad libitum feeding; dietary restriction; dung beetles; females; hydrocarbons; males; mating behavior; phenotype; reproductive success; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Chemical traits are increasingly recognized as important cues used in mate choice. For example, the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of insects have been shown to influence mating success in a range of taxa. Less is known, however, about how CHCs are expressed in proportion to an individual's condition, and consequently whether CHCs can function as condition‐dependent signals of quality. We investiga ...
DOI:
10.1111/jeb.13371

99. Are nematodes costly to fig tree–fig wasp mutualists?

Author:
Rong‐Rong Shi; Bai‐Ge Miao; Simon T. Segar; Yongsan Zeng; Bo Wang; Yan‐Qiong Peng
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 2019 v.167 no.12 pp. 1000-1011
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Agaonidae; Aphelenchoididae; Ficus hispida; Ficus microcarpa; breeding; developmental stages; eggs; females; figs; fruit trees; gynodioecy; hosts; life history; longevity; monoecy; mortality; mutualism; nematode infections; parasites; pollen; pollination; pollinators; probability; surveys; virulence; wasps; wet season; China
Abstract:
... Most mutualisms are exploited by parasites, which must strike an evolutionary balance between virulence and long‐term persistence. Fig‐associated nematodes, living inside figs and dispersed by fig wasps, are thought to be exploiters of the fig–fig wasp mutualism. The life history of nematodes is synchronized with the fig development and adapted to particular developmental characteristics of figs. ...
DOI:
10.1111/eea.12860

100. Costly curiosity: People pay a price to resolve an uncertain gamble early

Author:
J.A. Max Rodriguez Cabrero; Jian-Qiao Zhu; Elliot A. Ludvig
Source:
Behavioural processes 2019 v.160 pp. 20-25
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
human behavior; humans; people; prices
Abstract:
... Humans are inherently curious creatures, continuously seeking out information about future outcomes. Such advance information is often valuable, potentially allowing people to select better courses of action. In non-human animals, this drive for information can be so strong that they forego food or water to find out a few seconds earlier whether an uncertain option will provide a reward. Here, we ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.015