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1. Development of an in vitro model for animal species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 replication based on expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in avian cells

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Darrell R. Kapczynski; Ryan Sweeney; Mary Pantin-Jackwood; David L. Suarez;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Virology 2022 v.569 pp. 1-12
ISSN:
0042-6822
Subject:
Capra hircus; Hipposideros; Mesocricetus auratus; Myotis lucifugus; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; birds; cats; cell culture; cell lines; fibroblasts; genetically modified organisms; goats; horses; humans; models; pandemic; peptidyl-dipeptidase A; serine proteinases; swine; virology; viruses
Abstract:
... The SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has caused a worldwide pandemic because of the virus's ability to transmit efficiently human-to-human. A key determinant of infection is the attachment of the viral spike protein to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Because of the presumed zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, there is no practical way to assess the susceptibility of every species ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.014

2. Identification of optimal sample collection devices and sampling locations for the detection of environmental viral contamination in wire poultry cages

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Jongseo Mo; Christopher B. Stephens;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Transboundary and emerging diseases 2021 v.68 no.2 pp. 598-604
ISSN:
1865-1674
Subject:
RNA; avian influenza; cages; cotton; disinfection; eggs; foams; poultry; poultry housing; viral contamination; viruses
Abstract:
... Environmental testing of poultry premises after an outbreak of an infectious disease like avian influenza (AI) or Newcastle disease is essential to promptly verify virus‐free status and subsequently return to normal operations. In an attempt to establish an optimized sampling protocol, a laboratory study simulating an AI virus‐contaminated poultry house with wire layer cages was conducted. Three s ...
Handle:
10113/7071260
DOI:
10.1111/tbed.13721

3. Selection and antigenic characterization of immune-escape mutants of H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus using homologous polyclonal sera

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Ioannis Sitaras; Mart C.M. de Jong; D. Joshua Parris;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Virus research 2020 v.290 pp. 198188
ISSN:
0168-1702
Subject:
Influenza A virus; amino acid substitution; antigenic variation; chickens; hemagglutinins; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; mutants; polyclonal antibodies; vaccination; viral antibodies; viral antigens; viral load
Abstract:
... Understanding the dynamics of the selection of influenza A immune escape variants by serum antibody is critical for designing effective vaccination programs for animals, especially poultry where large populations have a short generation time and may be vaccinated with high frequency. In this report, immune-escape mutants of A/turkey/New York/4450/1994 H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus, wer ...
Handle:
10113/7133649
DOI:
10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198188

4. Identification of Efficacious Vaccines Against Contemporary North American H7 Avian Influenza Viruses

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; Ioannis Sitaras; Christopher B. Stephens; David L. Suarez;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Avian diseases 2020 v.65 no.1 pp. 113-121
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Influenza A virus; RNA; antibodies; antigens; avian influenza; hemagglutination inhibition test; hemagglutinins; inactivated vaccines; mortality; proteolysis; vaccination; viruses
Abstract:
... Five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial nonreplicating alphavirus-vectored RNA particle (RP) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) from the United States (A/turkey/IN/1403-1/2016 H7N8). One of the inactivated vaccines ...
DOI:
10.1637/aviandiseases-D-20-00109

5. The pathogenesis of a North American H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 group A highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata)

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Jasmina M. Luczo; Diann J. Prosser; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; Alicia M. Berlin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
BMC veterinary research 2020 v.16 no.1 pp. 351
ISSN:
1746-6148
Subject:
Anas acuta; Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1; Charadriiformes; Influenza A virus; antigens; central nervous system; cloaca; ducks; ecology; histopathology; mixed infection; monitoring; pathogenesis; research; veterinary medicine; viral load; viral shedding; waterfowl
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Aquatic waterfowl, particularly those in the order Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, are the ecological reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Dabbling ducks play a recognized role in the maintenance and transmission of AIVs. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) in dabbling ducks is well characterized. In contrast, the role of diving ducks in HPAIV maint ...
Handle:
10113/7125842
DOI:
10.1186/s12917-020-02579-x

6. Effects of an H7 Highly Pathogenic and Related Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on Chicken Egg Production, Viability, and Virus Contamination of Egg Contents and Surfaces

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Christopher B. Stephens; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Avian diseases 2020 v.64 no.2 pp. 143-148
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Influenza A virus; Plymouth Rock; RNA; albumins; animal ovaries; egg production; egg shell; egg yolk; eggs; embryo (animal); flocks; hens; models; monitoring; oviducts; poultry diseases; risk assessment; staining; turkeys; viability; viral antigens; viruses
Abstract:
... Both highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) can cause decreases or even cessation of egg production in chickens and turkeys. Production of abnormal eggs (deformed, thin-shelled, soft-shelled) can also be caused by AIV infection. Additionally, egg surfaces and contents may also be contaminated with virus. Because data quantifying these effects are lacking, white ...
Handle:
10113/6990261
DOI:
10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.143

7. Protection afforded by avian influenza vaccination programmes consisting of a novel RNA particle and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge in layer chickens up to 18 weeks post-vaccination

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Brian S. Ladman; Jack Gelb; Lauren A. Sauble; Marcella V. Murphy;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Avian pathology 2019 v.48 no.4 pp. 371-381
ISSN:
1465-3338
Subject:
Alphavirus; Influenza A virus; RNA; antibodies; antigens; avian influenza; biosecurity; blood serum; cloaca; inactivated vaccines; influenza vaccination; influenza vaccines; laying hens; marketing; mortality; oils; recombinant vaccines; replicon; viral load; viral shedding; viruses; United States
Abstract:
... The efficacies of an oil adjuvanted-inactivated reverse genetics-derived H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine and an alphavirus replicon RNA particle (RP) AIV vaccine were evaluated in commercial Leghorn chickens. Challenge utilized A/turkey/MN/12582/2015, an isolate representing the U.S. H5N2 Clade 2.3.4.4 responsible for the 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epornitic in commercial ...
DOI:
10.1080/03079457.2019.1605148

8. The pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market H2N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, Pekin ducks, and guinea fowl

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Mo Jongseo; Sungsu Youk; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; David L. Suarez; Dong-Hun Lee; Mary Lea Killian; Nichole H. Bergeson;     Show all 8 Authors
Source:
Veterinary microbiology 2021 v.260 no. pp. 109180
ISSN:
0378-1135
Subject:
Pekin; avian influenza; chickens; guineafowl; live bird markets; nucleotide sequences; pandemic; pathogenicity; public health; sialidase; viruses
Abstract:
... H2N2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have persisted in live bird markets (LBMs) in the Northeastern United States since 2014. Although unrelated to the 1957 pandemic H2N2 lineage, there is concern that the virus could have animal and public health consequences because of high contact with humans and numerous species in the LBM system. The pathogenicity, infectivity, and tra ...
Handle:
10113/7438344
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109180

9. Thermal Inactivation of avian influenza virus in poultry litter as a method to decontaminate poultry houses

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Christopher B. Stephens;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Preventive veterinary medicine 2017 v.145 pp. 73-77
ISSN:
0167-5877
Subject:
Influenza A virus; chicken eggs; cleaning; disinfection; guidelines; heat inactivation; heat treatment; human resources; labor; pathogenicity; poultry housing; poultry manure; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; temperature; viruses
Abstract:
... Removal of contaminated material from a poultry house during recovery from an avian influenza virus (AIV) outbreak is costly and labor intensive. Because AIV is not environmentally stable, heating poultry houses may provide an alternative disinfection method. The objective was to determine the time necessary to inactivate AIV in poultry litter at temperatures achievable in a poultry house. Low pat ...
Handle:
10113/5702227
DOI:
10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.06.012

10. The Effect of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus–Induced Immunosuppression on Vaccination Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Christopher B. Stephens; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Avian diseases 2018 v.62 no.1 pp. 36-44
ISSN:
1938-4351
Subject:
Infectious bursal disease virus; Influenza A virus; Plymouth Rock; antibodies; chickens; death; eggs; hemagglutination inhibition test; immunosuppression; immunosuppressive agents; infectious bursal disease; lethal dose; mortality; pathogenesis; specific pathogen-free animals; vaccination; vaccines; viruses
Abstract:
... Poor efficacy of avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccines in chickens has been documented in the field in spite of good results in experimental settings. Although the causes are multifactorial and complex, one contributing factor may be prior infection with immunosuppressive viruses. In an effort to evaluate the role of immunosuppressive agents on AIV pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy, the effect of p ...
Handle:
10113/5968008
DOI:
10.1637/11769-110717-Reg.1

11. Assessment of replicate numbers for titrating avian influenza virus using dose-response models

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Sasidhar Malladi; Amos Ssematimba; Christopher B. Stephens;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation 2019 v.31 no.4 pp. 616-619
ISSN:
1943-4936
Subject:
Influenza A virus; Monte Carlo method; Weibull statistics; chicken eggs; confidence interval; cost effectiveness; dose response; standard deviation; statistical models; titration; viral load
Abstract:
... Embryonating chicken eggs (ECEs) are among the most sensitive laboratory host systems for avian influenza virus (AIV) titration, but ECEs are expensive and require space for storage and incubation. Therefore, reducing ECE use would conserve resources. We utilized statistical modeling to evaluate the accuracy and precision of AIV titration with 3 instead of 5 ECEs for each dilution by the Reed–Muen ...
Handle:
10113/6556978
DOI:
10.1177/1040638719853851
PubMed:
31131714
PubMed Central:
PMC6857022
CHORUS:
10.1177/1040638719853851

12. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 North American Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Infect, but Do Not Cause Clinical Signs in, American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes)

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Diann J. Prosser; Mary Pantin-Jackwood; Christopher B. Stephens; Alicia M. Berlin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Avian diseases 2019 v.63 no.2 pp. 366-370
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Anas acuta; Anas platyrhynchos; Anas rubripes; Falco rusticolus; Influenza A virus; chickens; ducks; eggs; geese; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); turkeys; viruses; wild birds; Asia; North America
Abstract:
... Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the goose/Guangdong/1996 clade 2.3.4.4 H5 lineage spread from Asia into North America in 2014, most likely by wild bird migrations. Although several variants of the virus were detected, H5N8 and H5N2 were the most widespread in North American wild birds and domestic poultry. In early 2015, the H5N2 virus spread through commercial poultry in the ...
Handle:
10113/6460373
DOI:
10.1637/11950-081418-ResNote.1

13. The Pathogenesis of H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Christopher B. Stephens; Diann J. Prosser; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; Alicia M. Berlin;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Avian diseases 2019 v.63 no.sp1 pp. 230-234
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Aythya affinis; Influenza A virus; body temperature; chickens; cloaca; ducks; eggs; hosts; mortality; pathogenesis; pathogenicity; poultry diseases; viral shedding; virulent strains; viruses; waterfowl; wild birds; United States
Abstract:
... Waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (AIV), and through migration spread the virus worldwide. Most AIVs carried by wild waterfowl are low pathogenic strains; however, Goose/Guangdong/1996 lineage clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic (HP) AIV now appears to be endemic in wild birds in much of the Eastern Hemisphere. Most research efforts studying AIV pathogenicity in waterfowl thu ...
DOI:
10.1637/11909-060118-ResNote.1

14. Efficacy of two vaccines against recent emergent antigenic variants of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Miria Ferreira Criado; Lindsay Killmaster; Md Zulfekar Ali; Mohammad Giasuddin; Mohammed A. Samad; Md Rezaul Karim; Eric Brum; Md Zakiul Hasan; Dong-Hun Lee; David E. Swayne;     Show all 12 Authors
Source:
Vaccine 2021 v.39 no.21 pp. 2824-2832
ISSN:
0264-410X
Subject:
amino acids; avian influenza; chickens; crows; epitopes; hemagglutination; morbidity; mortality; viruses; Bangladesh
Abstract:
... H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in Bangladesh since 2007. While clade 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have not been detected since 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have caused continuous outbreaks since 2012 despite the use of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two H5 vaccines licensed in Bangladesh, RE-6 inactivated vaccine, and a r ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.022

15. Immunologic evaluation of 10 different adjuvants for use in vaccines for chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Nazir Ahmed Lone; Darrell Kapczynski;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Vaccine 2017 v.35 no.26 pp. 3401-3408
ISSN:
0264-410X
Subject:
Influenza A virus; adjuvants; alginates; antibodies; antigens; calcium phosphates; chickens; chitosan; formalin; immune response; mortality; pathogenicity; poultry industry; poultry production; seroconversion; vaccination; vaccines; vegetable oil; viral shedding; viruses
Abstract:
... Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are a threat to poultry production worldwide. Vaccination is utilized as a component of control programs for both high pathogenicity (HP) and low pathogenicity (LP) AIV. Over 95% of all AIV vaccine used in poultry are inactivated, adjuvanted products. To identify the best formulations for chickens, vaccines were prepared with beta-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated A/Bri ...
Handle:
10113/5685909
DOI:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.010
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.010

16. Improving risk assessment of the emergence of novel influenza A viruses by incorporating environmental surveillance

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Kim M. Pepin; Matthew W. Hopken; Susan A. Shriner; Zaid Abdo; Colin Parrish; Steven Riley; James O. Lloyd-Smith; Antoinette J. Piaggio;     Show all 9 Authors
Source:
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London 2019 v.374 no.1782 pp. -
ISSN:
0962-8436
Subject:
Influenza A virus; RNA; disease models; disease reservoirs; emerging diseases; environmental monitoring; genetic recombination; metagenomics; mixed infection; pathogen survival; risk assessment; sequence analysis; viral genome; virus transmission
Abstract:
... Reassortment is an evolutionary mechanism by which influenza A viruses (IAV) generate genetic novelty. Reassortment is an important driver of host jumps and is widespread according to retrospective surveillance studies. However, predicting the epidemiological risk of reassortant emergence in novel hosts from surveillance data remains challenging. IAV strains persist and co-occur in the environment ...
Handle:
10113/6837731
DOI:
10.1098/rstb.2018.0346
PubMed:
31401963
PubMed Central:
PMC6711309

17. The Pathobiology of H7N3 Low and High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses from the United States Outbreak in 2020 Differs between Turkeys and Chickens

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Miriã F. Criado; Christina M. Leyson; Sungsu Youk; Suzanne DeBlois; Tim Olivier; Mary Lea Killian; Mia L. Torchetti; Darren J. Parris; Darrell R. Kapczynski; David L. Suarez; David E. Swayne; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood;     Show all 13 Authors
Source:
Viruses 2021 v.13 no.9 pp. -
ISSN:
1999-4915
Subject:
Influenza A virus; avian influenza; direct contact; farms; pathogenicity; sialidase; viruses; North Carolina; South Carolina
Abstract:
... An outbreak caused by H7N3 low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) occurred in commercial turkey farms in the states of North Carolina (NC) and South Carolina (SC), United States in March of 2020. Subsequently, H7N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected on a turkey farm in SC. The infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the H7N3 HPAIV and two LPAIV isola ...
DOI:
10.3390/v13091851

18. Successes and Short Comings in Four Years of an International External Quality Assurance Program for Animal Influenza Surveillance

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Carol Cardona; Jeannette Muñoz-Aguayo; Susan Fleming;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Plos One 2016 v.11 no.10 pp. -
ISSN:
1932-6203
Subject:
analytical kits; birds; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; funding; host range; influenza; mammals; monitoring; quality control; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; serology; virulence; viruses
Abstract:
... The US National institutes of Health-Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance is a research consortium that funds numerous labs worldwide to conduct influenza A surveillance in diverse animal species. There is no harmonization of testing procedures among these labs; therefore an external quality assurance (EQA) program was implemented to evaluate testing accuracy among labs in ...
Handle:
10113/63289
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0164261
PubMed:
27788155
PubMed Central:
PMC5083038
CHORUS:
10.1371/journal.pone.0164261

19. The pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Ruddy Ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) and Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)

Author:
Erica Spackman,   et al.   ; Diann J. Prosser; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; Alicia M. Berlin; Chirstopher B. Stephens;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2017 v.53 no.4 pp. 1-11
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Anas acuta; Aythya; Falco rusticolus; Influenza A virus; Oxyura jamaicensis; adults; antigens; biological resistance; coccidiosis; ducks; eggs; hosts; juveniles; monitoring; mortality; pathogenesis; pathogenicity; staining; tissues; viral shedding; viruses; waterfowl
Abstract:
... Waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (AIV) and disseminate the virus worldwide through migration. Historically, surveillance and research efforts for AIV in waterfowl have focused on dabbling ducks. The role of diving ducks in AIV ecology has not been well characterized. In this study, we examined the relative susceptibility and pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogen ...
Handle:
10113/5763047
DOI:
10.7589/2017-01-003

20. Viral diagnostics: will new technology save the day?

Author:
Erica Spackman
Source:
Avian pathology 2012 v.41 no.3 pp. 251-258
ISSN:
1465-3338
Subject:
animal health; birds; business enterprises; diagnostic techniques; flocks; human health; humans; influenza; pathogens; poultry; public health; surveys; technology
Abstract:
... Technology for infectious agent detection continues to evolve, particularly molecular methods that first emerged in the mid-1970s. The goals of new technology in diagnostics, whether in humans or in animals, including poultry, are to achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity possible to accurately identify the infection status of an individual or flock in the shortest time possible. Ease of ...
DOI:
10.1080/03079457.2012.675051