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1. Efficacy of copper and silver as residual disinfectants in drinking water

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Sicairos-Ruelas, Enue E.; Bright, Kelly R.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Journal of environmental science and health 2019 v.54 no.2 pp. 146-155
ISSN:
1532-4117
Subject:
Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Salmonella Typhimurium; biofilm; chlorine; copper; disinfectants; drinking water; exposure duration; organic matter; silver; synergism
Abstract:
... Contamination events and biofilms can decrease the amount of free chlorine available in drinking water systems. The efficacy of 100 μg/L silver and 400 μg/L copper, individually and combined, were evaluated as secondary, longer-lasting residual disinfectants against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium fortuitum at 24 °C and 4 °C. A > ...
DOI:
10.1080/10934529.2018.1535160

2. Cost-benefit of point-of-use devices for lead reduction

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Verhougstraete, Marc P.; Gerald, Joe K.; Reynolds, Kelly A.;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Environmental research 2019 v.171 pp. 260-265
ISSN:
0013-9351
Subject:
absorption; activated carbon; blood; cost effectiveness; distillation; drinking water; economic impact; financial economics; human health; lead; reverse osmosis; Michigan
Abstract:
... Lead exposure represents a significant human health concern that often occurs with little warning to the consumer. Water lead levels can be mitigated by point-of-use (POU) devices such as reverse osmosis, distillation, or activated carbon with lead reduction media.This study assessed a partial cost-benefit of residential installation of POU devices to reduce lead concentrations in drinking water a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.016

3. Comparative Assessment of BGM and PLC/PRF/5 Cell Lines for Enteric Virus Detection in Biosolids

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Abd-Elmaksoud, Sherif; Castro-del Campo, Nohelia; Pepper, Ian L.; Bright, Kelly R.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2019 v.11 no.1 pp. 32-39
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Enterovirus; United States Environmental Protection Agency; biosolids; buffaloes; cell lines; cytopathogenicity; flocculation; monkeys; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; sludge; total solids; viruses; wastewater treatment; United States
Abstract:
... The buffalo green monkey (BGM) cell line is required for the detection of enteric viruses in biosolids through a total culturable viral assay (TCVA) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In the present study, BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines were evaluated for TCVA and for their use in determining the incidence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in raw sludge and Class B biosolids. Six ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-019-09366-4

4. Risk of infection from Legionella associated with spray irrigation of reclaimed water

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Pepper, Ian L.;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Water research 2018 v.139 pp. 101-107
ISSN:
0043-1354
Subject:
Legionella pneumophila; golf courses; guidelines; monitoring; public parks; risk; risk assessment; sprinkler irrigation; turf grasses; wastewater treatment
Abstract:
... Legionella pneumophila has been detected in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation of turfgrass in public parks and golf courses. This study determined the risks of infection from exposure to various levels of Legionella in reclaimed waters considering: the method of spray application; and the duration and frequency of exposure. Evaluation of these factors resulted in a risk of infection greate ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.001

5. Variable non-linear removal of viruses during transport through a saturated soil column

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Schijven, Jack; Regnery, Julia; Wing, Alexandre; Morrison, Christina M.; Drewes, Jörg E.;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Journal of contaminant hydrology 2019 v.223 pp. 103479
ISSN:
0169-7722
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Enterovirus; Pepper mild mottle virus; RNA; Reoviridae; aquifers; bacteriophages; clay; detection limit; genome; long term experiments; models; sand; sandy soils; saturated flow; silt; wastewater
Abstract:
... Reduction of viral surrogates (bacteriophage MS2 and murine norovirus-1 [MNV-1]) and viruses naturally present in wastewater (enteroviruses, adenoviruses, Aichi viruses, reovirus, pepper mild mottle virus) was studied in a long-term experiment simulating soil-aquifer treatment of a non-disinfected secondary treated wastewater effluent blend using a 4.4 m deep saturated soil column (95% sand, 4% si ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.04.002

6. Review of water quality criteria for water reuse and risk-based implications for irrigated produce under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, produce safety rule

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Rock, Channah M.; Brassill, Natalie; Dery, Jessica L.; Carr, Dametreea; McLain, Jean E.; Bright, Kelly R.;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Environmental research 2019 v.172 pp. 616-629
ISSN:
0013-9351
Subject:
Escherichia coli; FDA Food Safety Modernization Act; Food and Drug Administration; diarrhea; food contamination; food crops; fresh produce; fruits; furrow irrigation; greywater; groundwater; irrigation water; lettuce; microbiological risk assessment; pathogens; people; produce safety; public health; recycled water; risk; risk reduction; sprinkler irrigation; subsurface irrigation; surface water; wastewater treatment; water quality; water quality criteria; water reuse
Abstract:
... Questions related to the safety of alternative water sources, such as recycled water or reclaimed water (including grey water, produced water, return flows, and recycled wastewater), for produce production have been largely un-explored at the detail warranted for protection of public health. Additionally, recent outbreaks of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in fresh produce, in which agricultural water ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.050

7. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Municipal Wastes: Is There Reason for Concern?

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Pepper, Ian L.; Brooks, John P.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Environmental science & technology 2018 v.52 no.7 pp. 3949-3959
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
animal manures; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; bacteria; biosolids; genes; humans; land application; liquids; microbial ecology; municipal wastewater; public health; soil
Abstract:
... Recently, there has been increased concern about the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARG), in treated domestic wastewaters, animal manures and municipal biosolids. The concern is whether these additional sources of ARB contribute to antibiotic resistance levels in the environment, that is, “environmental antibiotic resistance.” ARB and ARG occur natu ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b04360

8. Removal of fecal indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in constructed wetlands

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Lamori, Jennifer G.; Xue, Jia; Rachmadi, Andri T.; Lopez, Gerardo U.; Kitajima, Masaaki; Pepper, Ian L.; Brooks, John P.; Sherchan, Samendra;     Show all 9 Authors
Source:
Environmental science and pollution research international 2019 v.26 no.10 pp. 10188-10197
ISSN:
0944-1344
Subject:
Bacteroidales; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; antibiotic resistance; constructed wetlands; enzymes; erythromycin; genetic markers; indicator species; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; resistance genes; surface water; wastewater
Abstract:
... Wastewater discharge evidently increased bacterial diversity in the receiving waterbodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a constructed wetland in reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). We determined the prevalence and attenuation of fecal indicator bacteria including Escherichia coli and enterococci, along with ARGs, and hu ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11356-019-04468-9

9. Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of bacterial communities in two Bardenpho wastewater treatment systems via Illumina MiSeq sequencing

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Xue, Jia; Schmitz, Bradley W.; Caton, Kevin; Zhang, Bowen; Zabaleta, Jovanny; Garai, Jone; Taylor, Christopher M.; Romanchishina, Tatiana; Pepper, Ian L.; Sherchan, Samendra P.;     Show all 11 Authors
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2019 v.657 pp. 1543-1552
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
Arcobacter; Bacteroidales; Mycobacterium; Pseudomonas; Serratia; Streptococcus; alpha-Proteobacteria; bacteria; bacterial communities; ecophysiology; effluents; environmental health; genetic markers; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; monitoring; nucleotide sequences; pathogens; seasonal variation; temperature; virulent strains; wastewater; wastewater treatment; North America
Abstract:
... Next generation sequencing provides new insights into the diversity and ecophysiology of bacteria communities throughout wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), as well as the fate of pathogens in wastewater treatment system. In the present study, we investigated the bacterial communities and human-associated Bacteroidales (HF183) marker in two WWTPs in North America that utilize Bardenpho treatment p ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.141

10. Viral Aggregation: Impact on Virus Behavior in the Environment

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Betancourt, Walter Q.;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.13 pp. 7318-7325
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
cations; disinfectants; environmental factors; filtration; isoelectric point; organic matter; pH; polymers; prediction; salts; virion; viruses; water quality
Abstract:
... Aggregates of viruses can have a significant impact on quantification and behavior of viruses in the environment. Viral aggregates may be formed in numerous ways. Viruses may form crystal like structures and aggregates in the host cell during replication or may form due to changes in environmental conditions after virus particles are released from the host cells. Aggregates tend to form near the i ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.6b05835

11. Review: Occurrence of the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri in groundwater

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Bright, Kelly R.;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Hydrogeology journal 2017 v.25 no.4 pp. 953-958
ISSN:
1431-2174
Subject:
Naegleria fowleri; biofilm; buildings; case studies; children; climate change; drinking water; freshwater; groundwater; hot springs; humans; meningoencephalitis; nasal cavity; risk; soil; surface water; swimming; wells; young adults
Abstract:
... Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic free-living amoeba found worldwide in soils and warm freshwater. It is the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a nearly always fatal disease afflicting mainly children and young adults. Humans are exposed to the organism via swimming, bathing, or other recreational activity during which water is forcefully inhaled into the upper nasal passages ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10040-017-1582-4

12. Persistence of Viruses by qPCR Downstream of Three Effluent-Dominated Rivers in the Western United States

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Sassi, Hannah P.; Tuttle, Koiya D.; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Kitajima, Masaaki;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2018 v.10 no.3 pp. 297-304
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Enterovirus; Norovirus; Pepper mild mottle virus; humans; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; rivers; streams; viruses; wastewater; wastewater treatment; Western United States
Abstract:
... This study was designed to determine the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) signal persistence of viruses in three effluent-dominated streams. Samples were collected from the effluent outfall of three wastewater treatment plants in the Western United States and downstream at different locations. All samples were tested for the presence of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), adenoviruses, ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-018-9343-7

13. Reducing uncertainty in estimating virus reduction by advanced water treatment processes

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Kitajima, Masaaki; Rock, Channah M.;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Water research 2018 v.133 pp. 282-288
ISSN:
0043-1354
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Enterovirus; Norovirus; Rotavirus; biodiversity; chlorination; disinfection; genome; genotype; human health; humans; oxidation; pathogenicity; reverse osmosis; risk; serotypes; ultrafiltration; ultraviolet radiation; uncertainty; virion; viruses; wastewater; wastewater treatment
Abstract:
... Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse requires the reduction of enteric viruses to levels that pose no significant risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., chemical clarification, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation) have been developed to provide reductions of viruses to differing levels of regulatory control depending upon the levels of human exposure and ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.044

14. Comparative survival of viruses during thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Sassi, Hannah P.; Ikner, Luisa A.; Abd-Elmaksoud, Sherif; Pepper, Ian L.;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2018 v.615 pp. 15-19
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Ebolavirus; anaerobic digestion; animal viruses; bacteriophages; digestion; temperature
Abstract:
... Micro-scale technology was used to obtain survival data for three animal viruses and two bacteriophages during anaerobic digestion. The data for adenoviruses, MS2 and Φ6 provide the first published reports for survival of these viruses during mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Data were also obtained for thermophilic digestion, which showed greater inactivation of viruses at the higher temperature. D ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.205

15. Reduction of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicators by Bardenpho Wastewater Treatment

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Schmitz, Bradley W.; Moriyama, Hitoha; Haramoto, Eiji; Kitajima, Masaaki; Sherchan, Samendra; Pepper, Ian L.;     Show all 7 Authors
Source:
Environmental science & technology 2018 v.52 no.12 pp. 7015-7023
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Aichivirus A; Cryptosporidium; Cyclospora; Escherichia coli; Giardia; Pepper mild mottle virus; Polyomaviridae; activated sludge; coliphages; effluents; filters; fluorescence microscopy; polymerase chain reaction; sewage; tanks; wastewater; wastewater treatment; water reuse
Abstract:
... Increased demand for water reuse and reclamation accentuates the importance for optimal wastewater treatment to limit protozoa in effluents. Two wastewater treatment plants utilizing advanced Bardenpho were investigated over a 12-month period to determine the incidence and reduction of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora, and fecal indicators. Results were compared to facilities that previously o ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b05876

16. Rethinking the Significance of Reovirus in Water and Wastewater

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Betancourt, Walter Q.;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2016 v.8 no.3 pp. 161-173
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
Enterovirus C; Orthoreovirus; RNA; capsid; cell culture; detection limit; filtration; genes; groundwater; humans; serotypes; virion; viruses; wastewater
Abstract:
... The genus Orthoreovirus contains nonenveloped viruses with double-stranded gene segments encased in a double-layered icosahedral capsid shell. These features constitute major determinants of virion stability in the environment and virion resistance against physical and chemical agents. Reovirus (ReoV) is the general term most commonly used for all virus strains that infect humans and nonhuman anim ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-016-9250-8

17. Genetic Analysis of Norovirus Strains that Caused Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Among River Rafters in the Grand Canyon, Arizona

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Kitajima, Masaaki; Iker, Brandon C.; Magill-Collins, Anne; Gaither, Marlene; Stoehr, James D.;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2017 v.9 no.2 pp. 238-240
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
Norovirus; capsid; gastroenteritis; genes; genetic analysis; rivers; sequence analysis; solid wastes; Arizona
Abstract:
... Toilet solid waste samples collected from five outbreaks among rafters in the Grand Canyon were subjected to sequencing analysis of norovirus partial capsid gene. The results revealed that a GI.3 strain was associated with one outbreak, whereas the other outbreaks were caused by GII.5 whose sequences shared >98.9% homology. ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-017-9282-8

18. How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Betancourt, Walter Q.; Kitajima, Masaaki;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Water research 2016
ISSN:
0043-1354
Subject:
cell culture; drinking water; food crops; irrigation; pathogenicity; risk; viral load; viruses; wastewater; water reuse
Abstract:
... To ensure the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation of food crops and drinking water pathogenic viruses must be reduced to levels that pose no significant risk. To achieve this goal minimum reduction of viruses by treatment trains have been suggested. For use of edible crops a 6-log reduction and for production of potable drinking water a 12-log reduction has been suggested. These reductions w ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.020
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.020

19. Use of ATP Readings to Predict a Successful Hygiene Intervention in the Workplace to Reduce the Spread of Viruses on Fomites

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Sifuentes, Laura Y.; Fankem, Sonia L. M.; Reynolds, Kelly; Tamimi, Akrum H.; Koenig, David;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2017 v.9 no.1 pp. 14-19
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
adenosine triphosphate; fomites; hands; human resources; humans; hygiene; microbial culture; models; sanitizers; viruses; working conditions
Abstract:
... The purpose of this study was to validate the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for evaluating hygiene intervention effectiveness in reducing viral dissemination in an office environment. The bacterial virus MS-2 was used to evaluate two scenarios, one where the hand of an individual was contaminated and another where a fomite was contaminated. MS-2 was selected as a model because its shape and ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-016-9256-2

20. Use of a Hand Sanitizing Wipe for Reducing Risk of Viral Illness in the Home

Author:
Gerba, Charles P.,   et al.   ; Tamimi, Akrum H.; Edmonds-Wilson, Sarah L.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Food and environmental virology 2015 v.7 no.4 pp. 354-358
ISSN:
1867-0334
Subject:
adults; bacteriophages; children; females; fomites; hand washing; hands; households; hygiene; models; risk; risk reduction; sanitizers; sanitizing; virus transmission
Abstract:
... This study determined whether a hand sanitizing wipe can reduce virus transmission in households, and could reduce the probability of infection by rhinovirus and rotavirus. Bacteriophage MS-2 (a marker virus) was used to assess viral transmission in five households having at least two children of ages 2–18. Hands of one female adult were inoculated with ~10⁸ PFU MS-2 bacteriophages in each home, a ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12560-015-9204-6