An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
case studies; electricity; energy; markets; systems engineering
Abstract:
... The demand side is increasingly expected to provide energy flexibility for power grid economy and reliability. Buildings have various flexibility sources that can be effectively utilized for such purposes. According to different requirements of demand responses to power grid on response duration, response direction and response speed (within seconds, minutes, or even longer timescales), building e ...
batteries; electricity; energy efficiency; markets
Abstract:
... In recent years, demand side measures have been increasingly considered to provide flexibility services in different timescales (seconds, minutes, or longer timescale) and thereby improve the reliability and overall energy efficiency of power systems. However, the existing studies about multiple grid flexibility services only focus on the generation or storage resources, without considering the va ...
batteries; energy; meteorological data; power generation; solar energy; winter
Abstract:
... Model predictive control (MPC) method shows superiority in enhancing system performance. But its actual performance in operation is hampered by forecast uncertainties. Different methods have been proposed to mitigate the impacts of these uncertainties, such as shrinking horizon MPC (SHMPC) and stochastic MPC (SMPC). However, the year-round performance of these methods has rarely been investigated, ...
... For heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, centralized optimal control approaches are widely investigated, while hierarchical distributed optimal control approaches are of increasing attention. Using both approaches, the central station and the coordinating agent play critical roles, resulting in low robustness. A novel fully distributed approach may offer higher robustness, but ...
batteries; carbon; energy; meteorological data; China
Abstract:
... Predictive scheduling is essentially needed to optimize energy dispatch of building energy systems for demand response, as it can maximize the benefits considering future conditions. However, the optimized demand response probably cannot be achieved and energy demands probably cannot be fully satisfied in operation due to the large discrepancy between the predicted and actual conditions. Generic a ...
air; air quality; energy; mathematics; system optimization; temperature
Abstract:
... Determining the proper trade-off among thermal comfort, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and energy use is important for optimal control of air-conditioning systems. The number of optimization variables increases as systems become increasingly complex, as with multi-zone VAV (Variable Air Volume) air-conditioning systems, leading to large-scale mathematics programming challenges and inconveniences in the ...
Bayesian theory; Markov chain; decision making; energy balance; energy efficiency; models; probability analysis; uncertainty; water flow
Abstract:
... Chiller sequencing control is crucial to the reliable and energy-efficient operation of multiple-chiller plants. It should not only ensure an adequate supply of cooling capacity for buildings, but also make the chillers work efficiently. The measurement uncertainties cannot be avoided and have significant negative effects on the chiller sequencing control. To cope with the challenges and uncertain ...
administrative management; batteries; carbon; carbon dioxide; computer simulation; economic feasibility; energy conversion; environmental performance; solar energy; streams; zero emissions; China
Abstract:
... Buildings currently account for a large proportion of the world's energy consumption and produce large amounts of carbon emissions. Meanwhile, multiple scientific gaps remain in academia on the use of ocean energy technologies to realise coastal zero-energy buildings. Based on these circumstances, this paper proposes a hybrid system comprising a sea-sourced cooling system, floating solar photovolt ...
... Immobile water is defined as a firmly bound thin film of water surrounding clay particles that somehow resembles solid features. The characteristics and amount of immobile water depend on pore water chemistry, the type of clay, and the contact area of water with particles. Seepage can occur only when the hydraulic gradient increases sufficiently. To date, no accurate method is available to determi ...
air conditioning; automation; controllers; energy; heating systems; ventilation systems
Abstract:
... Existing studies on distributed optimal control of HVAC systems rarely consider the needs and constraints for practical applications and the deployment of control strategies on the physical building automation platforms. This paper proposes an agent-based distributed real-time control strategy for building HVAC systems with the objective to be deployed in the local control devices with limited pro ...
heat; renewable electricity; renewable energy sources
Abstract:
... Renewable electricity generations are promising to address the global energy issue while they also place great pressure on the reliability of power grids due to their intermittent nature. In recent years, existing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings have attracted increasing attention to implement continuous demand response in providing frequency regulation servic ...
air conditioning; buildings; controllers; electrical equipment; energy; exhibitions; heat; power generation; quality control; testing; working conditions
Abstract:
... Ensuring the power balance and reliability of power grids is an increasing challenge due to the increasing involvement of intermittent renewable power generations. The use of existing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings has attracted increasing attention to implement continuous demand response in providing frequency regulation service, which can enhance instantane ...
Internet; air; automation; control methods; energy; heat; information exchange; multipliers
Abstract:
... Distributed optimal control deployed on field control networks has gotten increasing attention with the rapid development and wide applications of the Internet of Things, including the applications in building automation. Information delays, time delays in information exchange between different devices integrated in communication networks, can affect the performance of distributed optimal control ...
air conditioning; air temperature; buildings; heating systems; pumps; ventilation systems
Abstract:
... The increased generation of renewable power is challenging in terms of the power balance and reliability of power grids due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings, at demand side, are promising candidates for providing frequency regulation. In this study, we systematically assessed the use of variable-speed pumps in H ...
... At present, plastic concrete is widely used in anti-seepage engineering, and its strength and hydraulic conductivity are important indexes of plastic concrete cutoff walls. The pondus hydrogenii (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) have an important effect on the strength and hydraulic conductivity of plastic concrete cutoff walls. However, it is not clear why the pH and EC are related to the str ...
business development; electricity; energy; telemetry
Abstract:
... The rapid development of remote telemetry, control and communication technologies in smart grids enables the demand side to provide energy flexibility for power grid economy and reliability. The building sector, as a consumer of large amounts of electricity, has various flexible loads that can be effectively utilized for such purposes if buildings and their energy systems are under proper design a ...
Internet; Markov chain; energy; information exchange; water temperature
Abstract:
... Distributed optimal control deployed on field control networks is receiving increasing attention with the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), including its applications in HVAC systems. Information delays refer to the time delays in information exchange between devices integrated in communication networks. They could affect the performance of distributed optimal control, but are rar ...
cooling; electrical equipment; electricity; energy; energy use and consumption; renewable energy sources; Maryland; New Jersey; Pennsylvania
Abstract:
... High penetration of intermittent renewables may cause safety and stability problems to the electricity grid. Building thermal loads could contribute to the grid stability in the era of renewable energy and smart grid, because they are high and flexible. This study proposes a model predictive control strategy to control a large constant speed centrifugal chiller to follow grid frequency regulation ...
buildings; carbon; case studies; cooling; cost effectiveness; energy; system optimization; systems engineering; China
Abstract:
... As promising means to reduce carbon emission and energy consumption, zero/low energy buildings have been attracting increasing attentions. Multi-stage design optimization methods have been developed for zero/low energy buildings and their energy systems especially when a large number of design variables need to be optimized. However, these methods ignore the interactions between building envelope ...
climatic factors; cooling; cooling towers; electric energy consumption; energy efficiency; pumps; renewable energy sources
Abstract:
... The large data center electricity consumption is a growing global concern. To be environment-friendly and to enhance energy efficiency in operation, data center cooling systems adopt a variety of advanced cooling and renewable energy technologies such as free cooling. However, these free cooling systems are not optimally designed in field practices, and their energy efficiencies are much lower tha ...