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1. 2-Dopyl-1,4-di(2-dopylpropanoyl)benzene, an effective phosphorus flame retardant

Author:
Howell, Bob A.; Alrubayyi, Aeshah
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.162 pp. 196-200
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; carbon; epoxides; organophosphorus compounds; phosphorus;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Organophosphorus compounds provide great potential as replacements for traditional organohalogen flame retardants. Compounds containing the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) unit may be especially important. 2-Dopyl-1,4-di(2-dopylpropanoy)benzene contains three dopyl units (>10% P) all bound through carbon. It displays excellent flame retardancy in DGEBA epoxy resin. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.017

2. Flame retardant vinylon/poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) blended fibers with synergistic flame retardancy for advanced fireproof textiles

Author:
Zhang, Xiansheng; Shi, Meiwu
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2019 v.365 pp. 9-15
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; fabrics; gases; heat transfer; pyrolysis; risk; synergism;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Superior flame retardant textiles are urgently needed to address high fire and heat risks. This study provides a simple and effective strategy to improve the flame retardancy of textiles through a synergistic effect between the blended fibers, and a system with synergistic in flame retardant vinylon (FRV)/poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) blended fibers is discovered. The FRV/PMIA 50/50 exhi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.091

3. The chemical kinetics of the polymer combustion allows for inherent fire retardant synergism

Author:
Camino, B.; Camino, G.
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.160 pp. 142-147
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; combustion; gases; kinetics; polymers; pyrolysis; reaction kinetics; synergism;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... A most simple way to reduce the rate of polymer combustion by enhancing the effectiveness of fire retardants is described in this paper. The discussion is focused on a simplified kinetic model of the overall cyclic chemical process that controls the polymer combustion. This latter consists of two connected chemical reactions mutually feeding each other: the condensed phase polymer pyrolysis and th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.018

4. Synthesis of a DOPO-containing imidazole curing agent and its application in reactive flame retarded epoxy resin

Author:
Huo, Siqi; Wang, Jun; Yang, Shuang; Li, Chuan; Wang, Xiaolei; Cai, Haopeng
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.159 pp. 79-89
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; combustion; epoxides; free radicals; imidazoles; temperature;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... A novel DOPO-containing imidazole curing agent (DIB) was successfully synthesized, and served as a co-curing agent of 4,4‘-diaminediphenyl sulfone (DDS) to prepare a reactive flame-retarded epoxy thermoset (EP/DDS/DIB). The DSC results showed that the curing temperature of EP/DDS/DIB mixture was much lower than that of EP/DDS mixture due to the catalytic curing effect of imidazole group. Although ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.11.021

5. Decreasing but still high levels of halogenated flame retardants in wetland birds in central Spain

Author:
Eljarrat, E.; Aznar-Alemany, Ò.; Sala, B.; Frías, Ó.; Blanco, G.
Source:
Chemosphere 2019 v.228 pp. 83-92
ISSN:
0045-6535
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; birds; eggs; liver; nestlings; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; wetlands; Spain;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... The occurrence of classical and emerging halogenated flame retardants in bird samples collected between 2010–17 from the Castrejón reservoir (central Spain) was studied. Different wetland bird samples were analysed, including unhatched bird eggs and liver of dead nestlings. Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) were detected in all the samples at high concentration values, with levels up to 5167 n ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.051

6. Oxidative debromination of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol by UV/persulfate process and corresponding formation of brominated by-products

Author:
Sun, Jianliang; Chen, Yu; Xiang, Yingying; Ling, Li; Fang, Jingyun; Shang, Chii
Source:
Chemosphere 2019 v.228 pp. 735-743
ISSN:
0045-6535
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; acetic acids; bromination; bromine; byproducts; free radicals; genotoxicity; hydroxyl radicals; ions; oxidation; pH; sulfates;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... This study investigated the oxidative debromination of 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BBMP), a widely used brominated flame retardant, and the corresponding formation of brominated by-products by the UV/persulfate process. The debromination of BBMP by the UV/persulfate process was primarily driven by sulfate radicals (SO4−) at pHs 4.0–6.0 and hydroxyl radicals (HO) at pHs 9.0–12.0. The debr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.168

7. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP performing excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression for polypropylene

Author:
Zhang, Naien; Zhang, Jie; Yan, Hong; Guo, Xiaorong; Sun, Qiang; Guo, Ruijie
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2019 v.373 pp. 856-865
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; crosslinking; flammability; heat; impact strength; microencapsulation; polyesters; polypropylenes; silane; silicon; smoke; tensile strength;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... To overcome the flammability and severe dripping of polypropylene (PP), a novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP (microencapsulated APP by a hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) via silane coupling agent (KH-550)) was obtained and used as a high-efficient flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Herein, HBPE acted as the charring agent for APP. 20 wt% of K-HBPE@APP imparted PP excellent flame retardanc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.016

8. First insight into human extrahepatic metabolism of flame retardants: Biotransformation of EH-TBB and Firemaster-550 components by human skin subcellular fractions

Author:
Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa; Nguyen, Khanh-Hoang; Moehring, Thomas; Harrad, Stuart
Source:
Chemosphere 2019 v.227 pp. 1-8
ISSN:
0045-6535
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; biotransformation; carboxylesterase; enzyme kinetics; humans; metabolism; metabolites; phosphates; skin (animal); subcellular fractions; toxicology;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and a mixture of EH-TBB, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromphthalate (BEH-TEBP) and Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), prepared in a ratio similar to the Firemaster-550™ (FM550) flame retardant formulation, were exposed to human skin subcellular fractions (S9) to evaluate their dermal in vitro metabolism for the first time. After 60 min of incubation, tetrabromobe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.017

9. Effect of aluminum diethylphosphinate on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foams

Author:
Wang, Xin; Zhang, Ping; Huang, Zunchu; Xing, Weiyi; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan
Source:
Fire safety journal 2019 v.106 pp. 72-79
ISSN:
0379-7112
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; aluminum; foams; gases; heat; oxygen; polyurethanes; temperature; thermal stability;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) was prepared through a free-foaming method with aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) as additive. The influence of ADP on the morphology, thermal and flame retardant properties of the FPUF was investigated, and the flame retardant mechanism was further explored. TGA results indicated that the addition of ADP slightly affected the initial degradation t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.001

10. Intervention to reduce gymnast exposure to flame retardants from pit foam: A case study

Author:
Dembsey, Nicholas A.; Brokaw, Frederick M.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Dodson, Robin E.; Onasch, Joy; Jazan, Elisa; Carignan, Courtney C.
Source:
Environment international 2019 v.127 pp. 868-875
ISSN:
0160-4120
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; case studies; fire safety; flammability; foams; heat; organophosphorus compounds; smoke alarms;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Gymnasts can have high exposures to flame retardants (FRs), which are used in gymnastics safety equipment such as the loose foam pit. Therefore, we aimed to reduce gymnast exposure to FRs by replacing the foam in the pit using foam free of additive FR and measuring personal exposure during practice using hand-wipes. To assure maintenance of fire safety we first conducted a flammability study and f ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.084

11. Controlling the distribution of fire retardants in poly(lactic acid) by fused filament fabrication in order to improve its fire behaviour

Author:
Regazzi, Arnaud; Pucci, Monica Francesca; Dumazert, Loic; Gallard, Benjamin; Buonomo, Sylvain; Ravel, Romain; Lopez-Cuesta, José-Marie
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.163 pp. 143-150
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; calorimeters; fire behavior; manufacturing; mechanical properties; microstructure; polylactic acid; porosity;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... This study focused on the development of skin/core structures with flame-retarded poly (lactic acid) (PLA) compositions, by additive manufacturing. For this purpose, the technique of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) was chosen. Plate samples were also manufactured by injection moulding for comparison purpose. The nature of the flame retardants (FR), their contents and their distribution in the sam ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.008

12. Synthesis of a phosphaphenanthrene/benzimidazole-based curing agent and its application in flame-retardant epoxy resin

Author:
Huo, Siqi; Liu, Zhitian; Li, Chuan; Wang, Xiaolei; Cai, Haopeng; Wang, Jun
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.163 pp. 100-109
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; benzimidazole; carbonization; combustion; epoxides; free radicals; fuels; phosphorus; pyrolysis; smoke; temperature;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... A flame-retardant curing agent (DTA) for epoxy resin (EP), which was constructed by phosphaphenanthrene and benzimidazole groups, was successfully synthesized via one-pot reaction between 2-aminobenzimidazole, terephthalaldehyde, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). DTA induced the decomposition of EP matrix and promoted the carbonization at high temperature. As expected, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.003

13. Acetate promotes microbial reductive debromination of tetrabromobisphenol A during the startup phase of anaerobic wastewater sludge bioreactors

Author:
Lefevre, Emilie; Redfern, Lauren; Cooper, Ellen M.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Gunsch, Claudia K.
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2019 v.656 pp. 959-968
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Clostridiales; acetates; bioreactors; hydrogen; methanogens; microbial communities; sludge; toxicity; wastewater; wastewater treatment;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... The detection of increasing concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in wastewater treatment plants is raising concerns as TBBPA has been identified as a potentially toxic flame retardant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of acetate biostimulation on TBBPA microbial reductive debromination, and the response of anaerobic sludge associated microbial communities repeate ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.403

14. A novel and efficient strategy to exfoliation of covalent organic frameworks and a significant advantage of covalent organic frameworks nanosheets as polymer nano-enhancer: High interface compatibility

Author:
Mu, Xiaowei; Zhan, Jing; Wang, Junling; Cai, Wei; Yuan, Bihe; Song, Lei; Hu, Yuan
Source:
Journal of colloid and interface science 2019 v.539 pp. 609-618
ISSN:
0021-9797
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; crystal structure; dispersibility; hydrogen bonding; hydrophobicity; lithium; mechanical properties; milling; nanocomposites; nanosheets; polymers;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... To overcome the shortcomings of inefficiency in the preparation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) nanosheets by ball milling, a gram-scale method to preparing COFs nanosheets with butyl lithium as the intercalation agent has been proposed. A significant advantage of COFs nanosheets that display good interface compatibility has been discovered through experiments. Due to their special organic c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.103

15. Fireproofing of domestic upholstered furniture: Migration of flame retardants and potential risks

Author:
Lounis, Mohammed; Leconte, Stéphane; Rousselle, Christophe; Belzunces, Luc P.; Desauziers, Valérie; Lopez-Cuesta, José-Marie; Julien, Jean Mario; Guenot, Dominique; Bourgeois, Damien
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2019 v.366 pp. 556-562
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; foaming; foams; furniture; human health; polyurethanes; risk assessment; risk factors; surveys; sweat; synergists; France;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Flame retardants (FRs) are widely incorporated in polyurethane foams to decrease their fire reaction. Currently, the risks associated with the use of FRs in domestic upholstered furniture (UF) are evaluated according to FRs volatility and potency to be emitted into the atmosphere. However, exposure via contact and dermal penetration, mediated by sweat, has not been considered so far. Our study pro ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.110

16. Legacy and alternative flame retardants in house dust and hand wipes from South China

Author:
Tang, Shuqin; Tan, Hongli; Liu, Xiaotu; Chen, Da
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2019 v.656 pp. 1-8
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; adults; children; dust; hands; humans; ingestion; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; regression analysis; risk; China;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... The present study investigated the occurrence of legacy and alternative halogenated flame retardants (FRs) in house dust (n = 51) from Guangzhou, South China and hand wipes collected from adults (n = 51) and children (n = 31). In addition to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (particularly BDE-209), several alternative FRs were also detected in >60% of dust samples, including decabromo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.369

17. Superhydrophobic and flame retardant cotton modified with DOPO and fluorine-silicon-containing crosslinked polymer

Author:
Chen, Ting; Hong, Jing; Peng, Chaohua; Chen, Guorong; Yuan, Conghui; Xu, Yiting; Zeng, Birong; Dai, Lizong
Source:
Carbohydrate polymers 2019 v.208 pp. 14-21
ISSN:
0144-8617
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; coatings; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; emulsions; energy; fluorine; heat tolerance; hydrophobicity; lipophilicity; polymers; silicon;     Show all 13 Subjects
Abstract:
... Modification of cotton fabric to achieve superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and heat resistance is of particular interest for practical applications. Herein, a simple surface modification route is designed to introduce flame retardant component 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and low surface energy crosslinked polymer network comprising both fluorine and silicon elements on ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.023

18. Occurrence of halogenated flame retardants in sediments and sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus) from a North African Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Bizerte, Tunisia)

Author:
Mekni, Sabrine; Barhoumi, Badreddine; Aznar-Alemany, Òscar; Touil, Soufiane; Driss, Mohamed Ridha; Barceló, Damià; Eljarrat, Ethel
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2019 v.654 pp. 1316-1325
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Paracentrotus lividus; coastal water; lipids; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; public health; sediments; Tunisia;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as hexabromobenzenze (HBB), pentabromoetilbenzene (PBEB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes (HNs), as well as naturally produced methoxylated-PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), were analyzed in 12 sediment and 30 urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) samples collected from Bizerte Lagoon in northern ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.139

19. Field evaluation of sequential hand wipes for flame retardant exposure in an electronics recycling facility

Author:
Beaucham, Catherine C.; Ceballos, Diana; Mueller, Charles; Page, Elena; La Guardia, Mark J.
Source:
Chemosphere 2019 v.219 pp. 472-481
ISSN:
0045-6535
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; air; dermal exposure; electronics; endocrine diseases; hands; human resources; reproductive toxicology; washing; United States;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Flame retardants have been associated with endocrine disorders, thyroid disruption, reproductive toxicity, and immunological interference. Through dismantling and recycling electronics and electric products, flame retardants can be released into the air and settle on work surfaces which may lead to dermal exposure. Hand wipe sampling is commonly used to evaluate dermal exposure. This study assesse ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.027

20. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in wild insects from a former e-waste recycling site in the Guangdong province, South China

Author:
Poma, Giulia; Liu, Yu; Cuykx, Matthias; Tang, Bin; Luo, Xiao-Jun; Covaci, Adrian
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2019 v.650 pp. 709-712
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Anisoptera (Odonata); electronic wastes; habitats; industry; insects; nymphs; plasticizers; recycling; China;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Due to the fast growth of the electronic industry, a large quantity of electronic waste (e-waste) is generated worldwide and then often inappropriately dismantled and disposed of. In a pilot study, the occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) was investigated for the first time in several wild insect species collected from a former e-waste recycling site in the Guang ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.067