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1. Amine Salt Thickening of Intumescent Multilayer Flame Retardant Treatment

Author:
Lazar, Simone; Eberle, Bailey; Bellevergue, Etienne; Grunlan, Jaime
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2020 v.59 no.7 pp. 2689-2695
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; chitosan; cotton fabric; sodium;     Show all 4 Subjects
Abstract:
... Layer-by-layer assembly often requires numerous deposition steps to obtain a suitable thickness for an effective flame retardant nanocoating. In an effort to make this technique more industrially feasible, an amine salt is added to the rinsing steps of a chitosan/sodium hexametaphosphate (CH/PSP) multilayered system to help facilitate thicker growing films with self-extinguishing capability and fe ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06359

2. Practical synthesis of phosphonium salts with orthoformates and their application as flame retardants in polycarbonate

Author:
Xu, Chencong; Li, Tao; Jiang, Pingkai; Zhang, Yong Jian
Source:
Tetrahedron 2020 v.76 no.16 pp. 131107
ISSN:
0040-4020
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; chemical reactions; chemical structure; crystallization; organic compounds; phosphates;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... An efficient and practical approach to phosphonium salts has been developed. By the reaction of phosphines and different acid sources with orthoformates in one-step operation, the process allowed rapid access to phosphonium salts with diverse counterions in high yield after the purification by recrystallization. The flame retardant performance in PC has also been examined by blending several phosp ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tet.2020.131107

3. A coating method combined with bulk addition for efficient flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin sheet material

Author:
Wang, Wei; Liu, Yuan; Han, Zhongqiang; Wang, Qi
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2020 v.174 pp. 109093
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; calorimeters; coatings; heat; mechanical properties; oxygen; polyolefin; thermoplastics;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... An efficient coating method combined with a bulk addition mode was designed and applied to prepare flame retardant thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) sheets. This route can effectively overcome the negative influence of high loading flame retardants on the mechanical properties and processability of the materials. The coating (thickness: 120 μm) with intumescent flame retardants and TPO (film-forming ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109093

4. Uptake, depuration, bioaccumulation, and selective enrichment of dechlorane plus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Author:
Wang, Dapeng; Jia, Hongliang; Hong, Wen-Jun; Xue, Xiaohong; Sun, Yeqing; Li, Yi-Fan; Guo, Weijun
Source:
Environmental science and pollution research international 2020 v.27 no.6 pp. 6269-6277
ISSN:
0944-1344
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Cyprinus carpio; bioaccumulation factor; depuration; fish; kinetics; stereoselectivity;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Dechlorane plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant with high production volume (HPV) and is widely used in our daily necessities. In the present study, a laboratory-scale microcosm was built up to simulate the uptake, depuration, bioaccumulation, and stereoselective enrichment of DP in a lower concentration and equilibration condition. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were used for 32 days exposur ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11356-019-07239-8

5. Influence of the zeolite acidity on its synergistic action with a flame-retarding polymeric intumescent formulation

Author:
Ribeiro, Simone Pereira da Silva; Martins, Raíssa Carvalho; Barbosa, Guilherme Mendes; Rocha, Monique Amaro de Freitas; Landesmann, Alexandre; Nascimento, Marco Antonio Chaer; Nascimento, Regina Sandra Veiga
Source:
Journal of materials science 2020 v.55 no.2 pp. 619-630
ISSN:
0022-2461
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; acidity; ammonium polyphosphates; calorimetry; esters; oxygen; polypropylenes; zeolites;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Despite the vast available literature on the synergistic action between zeolites and intumescent formulations, the influence of the acidity of the zeolite on the flame-retardant properties of the materials has not yet been properly addressed. This work investigates the effect of the concentration and the strength of the acidic sites of faujasite Y zeolites on their synergistic action with an intum ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10853-019-04047-w

6. Efficient flame retardant interplay of unsaturated polyester resin formulations based on ammonium polyphosphate

Author:
Reuter, Jens; Greiner, Lara; Kukla, Philipp; Döring, Manfred
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2020 v.178 pp. 109134
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; aluminum; ammonium polyphosphates; burning; calorimetry; flammability; phosphorus; polyesters; scanning electron microscopy; thermal stability; thermogravimetry;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... The flame retardant effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in combination with different mineral flame retardants as well as the combination of APP and phosphorus based flame retardants in unsaturated polyester resin was investigated. Flammability and thermal stability of unsaturated polyester (UP) composites were evaluated with UL-94 vertical burning, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and cone cal ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109134

7. Phosphorus-containing organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles for the smoke suppression and flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane

Author:
Huang, Sheng-Chao; Deng, Cong; Zhao, Ze-Yong; Chen, Hong; Gao, Yu-Yang; Wang, Yu-Zhong
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2020 v.178 pp. 109179
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; fire hazard; fire safety; heat; mechanical properties; nanoparticles; oxygen; polyethyleneimine; polyurethanes; smoke; thermoplastics;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... It is always a big challenge for fabricating flame-retarded and smoke-suppressed polymers with excellent mechanical properties in fire-safety material field. In this work, novel organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles named phosphoryl polyethyleneimine amide-layered double hydroxide (PPEIA-LDH) were prepared via a simple reaction process. When the PPEIA-LDH nanoparticles were used to prepare flame- ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109179

8. Two-dimensional and Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models for the degradation of organophosphate flame retardants during supercritical Water oxidation

Author:
Cheng, Zhiwen; Chen, Qincheng; Cervantes, Sheila; Tang, Qingli; Gao, Xiaoping; Tan, Yujia; Liu, Shiqiang; Ma, Yuning; Shen, Zhemin
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2020 v.394 pp. 121811
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; carbon; hydrophobicity; organophosphorus compounds; oxidation; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; quantitative structure-activity relationships;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been increasingly utilized as flame retardants in various fields due to the phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. To achieve a better understanding of the degradation of OPFRs undergoing supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process, two-dimensional and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR) models ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121811

9. A novel approach of accurately rationing adsorbent for capturing pollutants via chemistry calculation: Rationing the mass of CaCO3 to capture Br-containing substances in the pyrolysis of nonmetallic particles of waste printed circuit boards

Author:
Qin, Baojia; Lin, Mi; Yao, Zichun; Zhu, Jie; Ruan, Jujun; Tang, Yetao; Qiu, Rongliang
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2020 v.393 pp. 122410
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; absorption; adsorbents; calcium carbonate; electronic wastes; gases; hydrobromic acid; oils; pollutants; pollution; pyrolysis; temperature;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Pyrolysis technology is advised to dispose nonmetallic particles of waste printed circuit boards to produce oils and gases. During pyrolysis, brominated flame retardants in nonmetallic particles are converted into small-molecular Br-containing substances. They disperse into oil and gas so as to cause secondary pollution. Then, CaCO₃ is suggested to be employed to capture the small-molecular Br-con ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122410

10. Novel brominated flame retardants in West Antarctic atmosphere (2011–2018): Temporal trends, sources and chiral signature

Author:
Zhao, Junpeng; Wang, Pu; Wang, Chu; Fu, Min; Li, Yingming; Yang, Ruiqiang; Fu, Jianjie; Hao, Yanfen; Matsiko, Julius; Zhang, Qinghua; Jiang, Guibin
Source:
The Science of the total environment 2020 v.720 pp. 137557
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; air; cyclohexanes; decabromodiphenyl ethane; enantiomers; models; temperature; wind; Antarctic region; Antarctica;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were comprehensively investigated in both gaseous and particle phase samples collected using a high-volume active air sampler (HV-AAS) at the Chinese Great Wall Station in King George Island, West Antarctica from 2011 to 2018. The concentrations of ∑₁₂NBFRs ranged from 0.27 to 3.0 pg m⁻³, with a mean value of 1.1 ± 0.50 pg m⁻³ and the levels showed a sligh ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137557

11. Investigation of the heterogeneity of bromine in plastic components as an indicator for brominated flame retardants in waste electrical and electronic equipment with regard to recyclability

Author:
Jandric, A.; Part, F.; Fink, N.; Cocco, V.; Mouillard, F.; Huber-Humer, M.; Salhofer, S.; Zafiu, C.
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2020 v.390 pp. 121899
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; bromine; cross contamination; electronic wastes; equipment; infrared spectroscopy; recycling; shredding; styrene;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) can contain brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that pose a threat to human health and the environment. In addition, Br-containing plastics reduce the recycling potential of WEEE. In order to gain a better insight into the distribution of Br in plastics from WEEE, the total concentration of Br was measured on the level of device types and plastic com ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121899

12. Occurrence and fate of antimony in plastics

Author:
Filella, Montserrat; Hennebert, Pierre; Okkenhaug, Gudny; Turner, Andrew
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2020 v.390 pp. 121764
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; European Union; antimony; bromination; catalysts; color; economic factors; plastics; polyethylene terephthalates; recycling; wastes;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... Antimony (Sb) is a technology critical element whose presence is ubiquitous in manufactured products, and in particular in plastics where it is used extensively as a flame retardant synergist for brominated compounds, as a catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate production, and as a pigment for colour. This study reviews the usage, regulations and fate of Sb in plastics by examining primary data o ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121764

13. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in plastic animal feed packaging and factors affect their migration into animal feed

Author:
Dong, Shujun; Zhang, Su; Li, Xiaomin; Li, Tong; Fan, Mengdie; Wang, Yaxin; Cheng, Jie; Wang, Ruiguo; Zou, Yun; Wang, Shi; Suo, Decheng; Wang, Peilong; Su, Xiaoou
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2020 v.389 pp. 121836
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; alkanes; carbon; chlorine; feeds; packaging; plasticizers; polyethylene; polypropylenes; temperature; China;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics. Plastic packaging containing CPs is widely used for storage of animal feed, which can become contaminated by CPs that migrate into the feed. In the present study, 31 commercial animal feed packaging samples made of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) were collected from animal feed manufacturers in China. Th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121836

14. Detailed kinetic analysis of slow and fast pyrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-Flame retardant mixtures

Author:
Jayarama Krishna, J.V.; Srivatsa Kumar, Sai; Korobeinichev, O.P.; Vinu, R.
Source:
Thermochimica acta 2020 v.687 pp. 178545
ISSN:
0040-6031
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; activation energy; heat; kinetics; methylmethacrylate; models; polymethylmethacrylate; pyrolysis; temperature;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this study, thermal decomposition kinetics of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) is investigated in the presence of a phosphorus-based flame retardant (Exolit®) under slow and fast pyrolysis conditions. Multi-Gaussian distributed activation energy model (DAEM) is employed to determine the kinetic parameters at slow heating rates. The multi-Gaussian DAEM with five parallel independent reactions pre ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tca.2020.178545

15. 1-Dopyl-1,2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene: A flame retardant hardner for epoxy resin

Author:
Howell, Bob A.; Lienhart, Gavan W.; Livingstone, Veronica J.; Aulakh, Darpandeep
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2020 v.175 pp. 109110
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; bisphenol A; catalysts; epoxides; flammability; gases; heat; polymers; thermal stability;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Treatment of desoxyanisoin with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxaphosphaphenathrene-10-oxide (DOPO) in the presence of an acid catalyst generates an adduct, 1-dopyl-1,2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethene which may be readily converted to the corresponding diphenolic compound, 1-dopyl-1,2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene (BDE). This material behaves as an effective curing agent for the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to prov ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109110

16. Synthesis of a P/N/S-based flame retardant and its flame retardant effect on epoxy resin

Author:
Zhang, Qianqian; Wang, Jun; Yang, Shuang; Cheng, Jianwen; Ding, Guoping; Hu, Yefa; Huo, Siqi
Source:
Fire safety journal 2020 v.113 pp. 102994
ISSN:
0379-7112
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; combustion; epoxides; fire resistance; glass transition temperature; heat; phosphorus; thermal properties;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... In order to meet the requirement in the fields with high flame resistance, the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) must be ameliorated. Herein, a P/N/S-based flame retardant (PAD) was synthesized and used to prepare flame retardant EP. The combustion behavior, thermal property and flame retardant mechanism of the prepared EP thermosets were investigated. PAD induced the decomposition of EP thermo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102994

17. Legacy and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardants in Bizerte Lagoon Murex (Hexaplex Trunculus): Levels and Human Health Risk Assessment

Author:
Ameur, Walid Ben; Annabi, Ali; El Megdiche, Yassine; Mhadhbi, Takoua; Hassine, Sihem Ben; Barhoumi, Badreddine; Touil, Soufiane; Driss, Mohamed Ridha; Barceló, Damia; Eljarrat, Ethel
Source:
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 2020 v.78 no.3 pp. 337-349
ISSN:
0090-4341
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; Hexaplex trunculus; aquatic ecosystems; decabromodiphenyl ethane; health effects assessments; human health; molluscs; pollutants; shellfish;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Occurrence of traditional (PBDEs) and novel (HBB, PBEB, DBDPE) brominated flame retardants, as well as the natural compounds of MeO-PBDEs, were studied in a shellfish species (Hexaplex trunculus) sampled from Bizerte Lagoon. PBDE and MeO-PBDE mean concentrations in murex soft tissues were 187 and 264 ng g⁻¹ lw respectively. The alternative flame retardants were not identified. The sum of PBDE and ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00244-019-00694-x

18. Silicon-containing inherent flame-retardant polyamide 6 with anti-dripping via introducing ethylene glycol as the chain-linker and charring agent

Author:
Fan, Shuo; Zhu, Chenchen; Wu, Dequn; Wang, Xueli; Yu, Jianyong; Li, Faxue
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2020 v.173 pp. 109080
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; combustion; ethylene glycol; heat transfer; melting; moieties; oxygen; polyamides; polymerization; pyrolysis;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... An inherent flame-retardant PA6 (FR-PA6) containing polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS) was synthesized under the action of ethylene glycol (EG) via a facile “2-step” bulk polymerization. Inspiringly, EG acted not only as a ‘chain-linker’ to connect PA6 oligomer with PDPS moiety but also as a charring agent to increase the charring capacity of FR-PA6 after combustion. The prepared FR-PA6 reached 28.3% of ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109080

19. Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Author:
Yuan, Bo; Tay, Joo Hui; Papadopoulou, Eleni; Haug, Line Småstuen; Padilla-Sánchez, Juan Antonio; de Wit, Cynthia A.
Source:
Environmental science & technology letters 2020 v.7 no.3 pp. 198-205
ISSN:
2328-8930
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; adults; alkanes; chlorine; cohort studies; dermal exposure; humans; plasticizers; products and commodities;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study (n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C₇ to C₄₈ with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C<₁₀), short-chain (SCCPs, C₁₀–₁₃), medium-chain (M ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00090

20. Additive-Triggered Chain Transfer to a Solvent in Coordination Polymerization

Author:
Liu, Zhaohe; Yao, Changguang; Wu, Chunji; Zhao, Zhongfu; Cui, Dongmei
Source:
Macromolecules 2020 v.53 no.4 pp. 1205-1211
ISSN:
1520-5835
Subject:
flame retardants,   etc   ; bromination; catalytic activity; molecular weight; polymerization; polystyrenes; scandium; solvents; styrene; toluene;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Low-molecular-weight polystyrene (LMPS) is the precursor of a brominated styrene oligomer that is used for small, precise, thin electrical components and an environmentally benign flame-retardant material. To date, LMPS is usually synthesized via anionic polymerization or radical suspension polymerization. With respect to coordination polymerization, the molecular weight is mainly controlled throu ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02495