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1. Theoretical and experimental research on the influence of initial temperature on the flammability of hydrocarbon-CO2 mixture using in organic Rankine cycle

Author:
Tian, Hua; Liu, Yuewei; Shu, Gequn; Li, Linqing; Huo, Xu
Source:
Energy 2019 v.167 pp. 939-949
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; heat recovery; temperature;     Show all 3 Subjects
Abstract:
... As an effective waste heat recovery technique, the hydrocarbon-CO2 mixture based Rankine cycle is always operating on a specific temperature, which has a noticeable influence on flammability limits. Thus it is critical to research flammability limit of hydrocarbon-CO2 at various initial temperatures. Focusing on the hydrocarbon-CO2 mixture, this paper first measured its flammability limits at diff ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.136

2. Investigation on the cycle performance and the combustion characteristic of two CO2-based binary mixtures for the transcritical power cycle

Author:
Pan, Lisheng; Ma, Yuejing; Li, Teng; Li, Huixin; Li, Bing; Wei, Xiaolin
Source:
Energy 2019 v.179 pp. 454-463
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; butanes; carbon dioxide; combustion; cooling; mixing ratio; temperature;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... It is difficult to condense subcritical CO2 in the CO2 transcritical power cycle by the conventional cooling, because of CO2's low critical temperature. With the aim to solve this problem, a new transcritical power cycle is proposed, using a CO2-based binary mixture as working fluid. Two mixtures are considered, namely, n-butane/CO2 and isobutane/CO2. Because n-butane and isobutane are flammable, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.010

3. Study on combustion characteristics and ignition limits extending of micro free-piston engines

Author:
Wang, Qian; Wu, Fan; Zhao, Yan; Bai, Jin; Huang, Rong
Source:
Energy 2019 v.179 pp. 805-814
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; air; combustion; hydrogen; mathematical models; methane; temperature;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... To solve problems of ignition and combustion based micro free-piston engines, the combustion characteristics and extension of the ignition limits of the micro free-piston engine were investigated. A single-shot visualized experiment was conducted for a micro free-piston engine with a combustion chamber diameter of 3 mm. The results reveal the micro free-piston engine performance concerning combust ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.003

4. An Ultra-Low Free-Formaldehyde Durable Flame-Retarding Finishing for Ramie Fabric

Author:
Wang, Huaqing
Source:
Journal of natural fibers 2019 v.16 no.4 pp. 545-554
ISSN:
1544-046X
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; carbonization; cellulose; durability; fabrics; flame retardants; ramie; washing;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... An ultra-low free-formaldehyde durable flame retardant, called Argafun RFR, was applied to ramie fabric. The flame-retarding finishing procedure was optimized and flame-retardant-treated ramie fabrics was analyzed. An assessment of the thermal and flammability properties for these ramie fabrics showed that the thermal and thermal-oxidative stability, flame retardancy, and char formation were signi ...
DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2018.1428845

5. Effect of fluid dryness and critical temperature on trans-critical organic Rankine cycle

Author:
Song, Chongzhi; Gu, Mingyan; Miao, Zheng; Liu, Chao; Xu, Jinliang
Source:
Energy 2019 v.174 pp. 97-109
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; entropy; exergy; heat; specific heat; temperature; toxicity;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this paper, the effect of fluid dryness (represented by ξ = ds/dT, where T is temperature, s is entropy) and critical temperature on the trans-critical ORC performance is investigated. The thermal efficiency of fifty-two working fluids is examined at four typical heat source temperatures. The results show that the critical temperature and fluid dryness have a significant impact on the system th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.171

6. A numerical study on near-limit extinction dynamics of dimethyl ether spherical diffusion flame

Author:
Chen, Jie; Kang, Yinhu; Zou, Yunpeng; Cui, Kaiqi; Zhang, Pengyuan; Liu, Congcong; Ma, Jiangze; Lu, Xiaofeng; Wang, Quanhai; Mei, Lin
Source:
Fuel processing technology 2019 v.185 pp. 79-90
ISSN:
0378-3820
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; chemical structure; heat production; models; oxygen; temperature;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The near-extinction oscillatory dynamics and underlying mechanism of the dimethyl ether (DME) spherical diffusion flames in the hot- and cool-flame conditions were studied by the numerical approach with detailed chemistry and transport models. It was found that the self-sustaining spherical cool diffusion flame could be readily obtained in a wide range of parameters, and additionally, the flammabi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.12.006

7. Generalized regression and feed forward back propagation neural networks in modelling flammability characteristics of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

Author:
Asante-Okyere, Solomon; Xu, Qiang; Mensah, Rhoda Afriyie; Jin, Cong; Ziggah, Yao Yevenyo
Source:
Thermochimica acta 2018 v.667 pp. 79-92
ISSN:
0040-6031
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; calorimeters; combustion; neural networks; polymethylmethacrylate; prediction;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The capability of artificial neural networks in predicting microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was carried out in this study. Using values of sample mass and corresponding heating rate, feed forward back propagation (FFBP) and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) models were developed to predict MCC parameters. On the whole, GRNN outperforme ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tca.2018.07.008

8. Experimental study on the influence of the flame retardants on the flammability of R1234yf

Author:
Feng, Biao; Yang, Zhao; Zhai, Rui
Source:
Energy 2018 v.143 pp. 212-218
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; color; equations; flame retardants; global warming;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... R1234yf has been considered as an alternative refrigerant with the low global warming potential (GWP), but it is flammable. Therefore, it is necessary to study the reduction or inhibition of flammability of R1234yf by different flame retardants. This paper mainly contributed to the influence of two kinds of flame retardants on the flammability of R1234yf. Firstly, the flammability limits of R1234y ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.078

9. Experimental study on R32 leakage and diffusion characteristic of wall-mounted air conditioners under different operating conditions

Author:
Jia, Lizhi; Jin, Wufeng; Zhang, Yan
Source:
Applied energy 2017 v.185 pp. 2127-2133
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; air; air conditioning; risk;     Show all 4 Subjects
Abstract:
... With good thermal performance and environmental characteristics, R32 is an alternative refrigerant of R22, but its application is limited by its flammability. In view of indoor security, this paper analyzed the leakage and diffusion of R32 of wall-mounted air conditioners under different operating conditions. The impact of air supply velocities and the leakage hole positions on the concentration d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.041

10. Numerical assessment of MILD combustion enhancement through plasma actuator

Author:
Mardani, Amir; Khanehzar, Andisheh
Source:
Energy 2019 v.183 pp. 172-184
ISSN:
0360-5442
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; combustion; fuels; heat; mixing; nitrogen; oxidants; oxygen; reaction kinetics; streams; temperature;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... One promising solution to achieve moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion under lower temperatures may be using non-equilibrium plasma discharge. Plasma assisted combustion can extend the flammability limits by reducing the auto-ignition temperature of the reactants and can be a great approach to achieve steady MILD combustion under extreme conditions through decreasing ignition ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.102

11. In situ prepared polyamide 6/DOPO-derivative nanocomposite for melt-spinning of flame retardant textile filaments

Author:
Vasiljević, Jelena; Čolović, Marija; Jerman, Ivan; Simončič, Barbara; Demšar, Andrej; Samaki, Younes; Šobak, Matic; Šest, Ervin; Golja, Barbara; Leskovšek, Mirjam; Bukošek, Vili; Medved, Jožef; Barbalini, Marco; Malucelli, Giulio; Bolka, Silvester
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.166 pp. 50-59
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; burning; chemical structure; epsilon-caprolactam; fire safety; flame retardants; knitted fabrics; nanocomposites; polyamides; polymerization; yarns;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... A novel flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6)/bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-derivative (PHED) nanocomposite textile filament yarns were developed. The scalable production approach includes in situ water-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam in the presence of the flame retardant PHED followed by melt-spinning of nanocomposite filament yarns and prod ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.011

12. Tannin-furanic resin foam reinforced with cellulose nanofibers (CNF)

Author:
Zhou, Xiaojian; Li, Bin; Xu, Yang; Essawy, Hisham; Wu, Zhigang; Du, Guanben
Source:
Industrial crops and products 2019 v.134 pp. 107-112
ISSN:
0926-6690
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; aqueous solutions; cell biology; cellulose nanofibers; compression strength; foaming; insulating materials; mechanical properties; porosity;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this study, tannin-furanic resin was directly mixed with different percentages of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) (0.1% and 0.2% based on the solid content of tannin resin) to obtain tannin-furanic resin reinforced foam. The microscopic investigation showed that the CNF were dispersed homogeneously in the tannin-furanic resin aqueous solution. The impact of CNF addition on the properties of the tann ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.03.052

13. 3D printable robust shape memory PET copolyesters with fire safety via π-stacking and synergistic crosslinking

Author:
Chen, Lin; Zhao, Hai-Bo; Ni, Yan-Peng; Fu, Teng; Wu, Wan-Shou; Wang, Xiu-Li; Wang, Yu-Zhong
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2019 v.7 no.28 pp. 17037-17045
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; burning; crosslinking; fire safety; geometry; manufacturing; polyethylene terephthalates; polymerization; smoke alarms; tensile strength; thermoplastics; transportation;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... The practical problems of insufficient mechanical strength, poor processability, tedious synthesis and flammability facing shape memory polymers have limited their further usage in industrial fields, especially in construction and aerospace. A novel and very simple method of ternary polymerization is presented here to prepare multi-functional copolyesters from general poly(ethylene terephthalate) ...
DOI:
10.1039/c9ta04187g

14. Hybrid electrolyte enables safe and practical 5 V LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ batteries

Author:
Chandra Rath, Purna; Wu, Chia-Jung; Patra, Jagabandhu; Li, Ju; Lee, Tai-Chou; Yeh, Ting-Ju; Chang, Jeng Kuei
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2019 v.7 no.27 pp. 16516-16525
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; aluminum; anodes; carbonates; cathodes; corrosion; electrochemistry; electrolytes; graphene; ionic liquids; lithium; lithium batteries; polyethylene; wettability;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based ionic liquid (IL) has high thermal and electrochemical stability, but it is not an ideal battery electrolyte due to the poor rate capability of cells that use it, problematic anode compatibility, and high cost. The incorporation of a carbonate solvent could mitigate these problems, but it would also lead to serious Al current collector corrosion at hi ...
DOI:
10.1039/c9ta04147h

15. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP performing excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression for polypropylene

Author:
Zhang, Naien; Zhang, Jie; Yan, Hong; Guo, Xiaorong; Sun, Qiang; Guo, Ruijie
Source:
Journal of hazardous materials 2019 v.373 pp. 856-865
ISSN:
0304-3894
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; crosslinking; flame retardants; heat; impact strength; microencapsulation; polyesters; polypropylenes; silane; silicon; smoke; tensile strength;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... To overcome the flammability and severe dripping of polypropylene (PP), a novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP (microencapsulated APP by a hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) via silane coupling agent (KH-550)) was obtained and used as a high-efficient flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Herein, HBPE acted as the charring agent for APP. 20 wt% of K-HBPE@APP imparted PP excellent flame retardanc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.016

16. Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite

Author:
Savas, Lemiye Atabek; Dogan, Mehmet
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.165 pp. 101-109
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; adjuvants; aluminum; burning; calorimeters; heat; oxygen; polyamides; thermal stability; thermogravimetry; zinc borate;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... The effect of zinc borate (ZnB) on the thermal and flame retardant properties of polyamide 6 (PA 6) composites containing aluminum hypophosphite (AlHP) was examined. The properties of the composites were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), horizontal burning test (UL-94 HB), vertical burning test (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimeter (MLC) studies. Acco ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.005

17. Synthesis of a hyperbranched phosphorus-containing polyurethane as char forming agent combined with ammonium polyphosphate for reducing fire hazard of polypropylene

Author:
Zhang, Tao; Tao, Youji; Zhou, Feng; Sheng, Haibo; Qiu, Shuilai; Ma, Chao; Hu, Yuan
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2019 v.165 pp. 207-219
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; ammonia; ammonium polyphosphates; carbon monoxide; fire hazard; flame retardants; gases; heat; oxygen; polypropylenes; polyurethanes;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... Due to the inherent flammability of polypropylene (PP), it is limited in the application of flame retardant materials. In this work, a novel char forming agent, hyperbranched phosphorus-containing polyurethane (HPPU), was synthesized and used as efficient char forming agent. When ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was combined with HPPU, APP/HPPU endow PP significantly improved flame retardancy than sin ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.003

18. Intervention to reduce gymnast exposure to flame retardants from pit foam: A case study

Author:
Dembsey, Nicholas A.; Brokaw, Frederick M.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Dodson, Robin E.; Onasch, Joy; Jazan, Elisa; Carignan, Courtney C.
Source:
Environment international 2019 v.127 pp. 868-875
ISSN:
0160-4120
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; case studies; fire safety; flame retardants; foams; heat; organophosphorus compounds; smoke alarms;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Gymnasts can have high exposures to flame retardants (FRs), which are used in gymnastics safety equipment such as the loose foam pit. Therefore, we aimed to reduce gymnast exposure to FRs by replacing the foam in the pit using foam free of additive FR and measuring personal exposure during practice using hand-wipes. To assure maintenance of fire safety we first conducted a flammability study and f ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.084

19. Coating of lightweight wool fabric with nano clay for fire retardancy

Author:
Jose, Seiko; Shanmugam, Nachimuthu; Das, Sekhar; Kumar, Ajay; Pandit, Pintu
Source:
The journal of the Textile Institute 2019 v.110 no.5 pp. 764-770
ISSN:
1754-2340
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; application methods; clay; coatings; fire resistance; flame retardants; nanoparticles; oxygen; thermogravimetry; woolen fabric;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Nano-kaolinite was applied to lightweight wool fabric for imparting fire retardant finish using pad batch as well as exhaust method. The effect of fire retardant treatments on the physico-mechanical properties of wool fabric was studied in detail. Nano-kaolinite incorporated fire retardant formulations showed high fire retardant performance in terms of inclined flammability test, limiting oxygen i ...
DOI:
10.1080/00405000.2018.1516529

20. Nonflammable, Low-Cost, and Fluorine-Free Solvent for Liquid Electrolyte of Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

Author:
Jin, Tianwei; Wang, Yini; Hui, Zeyu; Qie, Boyu; Li, Aijun; Paley, Daniel; Xu, Bingqing; Wang, Xue; Chitu, Adrian; Zhai, Haowei; Gong, Tianyao; Yang, Yuan
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2019 v.11 no.19 pp. 17333-17340
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
flammability,   etc   ; anodes; borates; carbonates; energy; energy density; ionic liquids; lithium; lithium batteries;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Rechargeable metallic lithium batteries are considered as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their high energy densities. However, safety concerns associated with electrolyte flammability and dendrite growth hinder their practical applications. Nonflammable liquid electrolytes have attracted significant attention recently, but they are mainly based on expensive ionic li ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.8b22156