An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
fossilfuels, etc ; carbon; economic feasibility; energy; heat exchangers; heat transfer; markets; models; Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... The goal of this research is to develop a flexible, simple, and accurate coupled system model for nuclear combined heat and power cycle (CHP) to investigate various heat-source applications of a small modular reactor (SMR) based on off-design component models. A CHP heat exchanger system model was developed and coupled with the SMR secondary system model for a typical SMR-CHP analysis. The coupled ...
fossilfuels, etc ; altitude; carbon dioxide; carbon radioisotopes; crops; rural areas; China; India; Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Examining the contribution of fossil fuel CO₂ to the total CO₂ changes in the atmosphere is of primary concern due to its alarming levels of fossil fuel emissions over the globe, specifically developing countries. Atmospheric radiocarbon represents an important observational constraint and utilized to trace fossil fuel derived CO₂ (CO₂ff) in the atmosphere. For the first time, we have presented a ...
... High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values. Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass, both wastes were fully utilized, thus reducing the negative impact on the environment. In this study, variables such as temperature, time, and amount of reactants were changed to determine the optima ...
... Aerosol volatility has a substantial impact on gas-particle partitioning, aging process and hence brown carbon (BrC) absorption. Here we analyzed single-particle volatility in winter in Beijing using a thermodenuder coupled with a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer along with a suite of collocated measurements. Our results showed that elemental carbon, metals, organic nitrogen (ON) were the ...
... This paper analyzes the stability of international environmental agreements in a dynamic game when the generation of both renewables and fossil fuel based energy requires specialized capital stocks or technologies, respectively. Two contract types are considered. At an incomplete (a complete) contract, the coalition coordinates only (both) CO[Formula: see text] emissions (and renewable energy inve ...
fossilfuels, etc ; entropy; solar collectors; uncertainty; Show all 4 Subjects
Abstract:
... Renewable energy has been in great demand by the public, even some countries have set regulations for substitution and transition from fossil energy to renewable energy. This study aims to modify the fuzzy control system with a metaheuristic method, namely fuzzy entropy. The entropy value of the fuzzy set in the previous stage becomes the basis for calculating the foot of uncertainty in the new fu ...
... Alkali metal–O₂ batteries exhibit ultra-high theoretical energy density which is even on par with fossil energy and are expected to become the next generation energy storage devices. However, to maintain the advantages of high energy density of alkali metal–O₂ batteries, the reversibility of alkali metal anodes with high capacity is of vital importance. But the alkali metal anode with high chemica ...
fossilfuels, etc ; biopolymers; lignin; oils; polyols; urethane; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer that exhibits a complex structure with various amounts of aliphatic and phenolic hydroxides. The use of lignin as a source of polyol to make lignin-based polyurethanes (PUs) has been the subject of intense studies in recent years. It is well known that there is a difference in reactivity between aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl groups towards isocy ...
fossilfuels, etc ; capital; electricity; wind; wind power; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Over the last decade, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar and wind energy dropped extraordinary. Within this context, this paper aims to project the capital expenditures (CAPEX) of photovoltaic plants, onshore and offshore wind turbines for 2030 and 2050 by using the experience curve theory. Based on these, LCOE for 2020, 2030 and 2050 are estimated, investigated regarding their sens ...
fossilfuels, etc ; computer security; energy; markets; uncertainty; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Renewable microgrids provide a remarkable alternative to the general use of centralized generation sources, mostly supported by conventional fossil fuel resources. An advanced microgrid concept is networked microgrids, or multi-microgrids, formed by a group of microgrids. They provide reliability, resilience and robustness to the grid, reducing operational costs. Nevertheless, problems related to ...
fossilfuels, etc ; adsorption; cellulose; hydrophobicity; lignocellulose; polymerization; polymers; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... This review is the third part of a series of reviews on hydrophobization of lignocellulosic materials, a relevant topic nowadays, due to the need to replace fossil fuel-based materials. The review provides an overview of the hydrophobization of lignocellulosic materials by polymer adsorption, and both chemical and radiation-induced grafting of polymers. While adsorbed polymers are only attached to ...
fossilfuels, etc ; energy; markets; power generation; solar energy; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have achieved commercial acceptance, technological maturity and foresee a leading role in the current energy transition to combat the adverse environmental issues posed by fossil fuel-based power generation. The market of photovoltaic technology is rapidly evolving with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) equal to 34% between 2010 and 2020. This review presents upda ...
fossilfuels, etc ; clean energy; energy; energy policy; politics; surveys; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The ongoing energy transition, while delivering immense positive societal benefits, also poses specific risks to vulnerable populations. Although municipal governments are uniquely situated to help identify these populations, little is known presently about the role that local governments play in addressing the risks and exposures related to the energy transition. Using a survey of municipal Chief ...
fossilfuels, etc ; carbon cycle; carbon dioxide; climate; forests; wood; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... KEY MESSAGE: We investigate the flux balance of managed and protected forests and the effects of using wood. Flux parameters of CO₂ uptake and respiration do not differ between managed and protected forests. Accounting of harvest as immediate emission by IPCC guidelines results in a bias of forest climate mitigation towards storage and neglects the avoidance of fossil-fuel use by wood use. ...
fossilfuels, etc ; energy conversion; renewable energy sources; transportation; Spain; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... The evaluation and comparative analyses of energy conversion technologies are carried out with well-established concepts, like the concept of efficiency. Today, however, new technologies based on renewable energy sources challenge conventional approaches. Accounting for fuel diversity and other inequalities can ensure that comparative analyses result in trustworthy results. This paper aims to addr ...
fossilfuels, etc ; anaerobic digestion; biocomposites; biodegradability; biodegradation; weight loss; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The increase in production of biobased plastics as a replacement for fossil fuel-based plastics has created the need for studies to assess their degradation under various conditions. However, developing reliable laboratory and field-testing protocols for biobased materials and products still requires extensive research. In this study, the biodegradability of a biocomposite consumer product, smart ...
fossilfuels, etc ; carbon; climate; energy policy; income; labor; taxes; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Innovative policy instruments across the supply side (fossil fuel extraction), demand side (income and behaviour), and mediums of exchange (e.g.,. markets) can accelerate global decarbonization efforts in ways not yet supported by the global community. A fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty, a maximum wage and restrictions on wealth, and a carbon currency could radically alter how we extract, fina ...
fossilfuels, etc ; aircraft; aluminum oxide; aviation; ceramics; governance; temperature; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Aviation's fossil fuel emissions contribute to global warming. The production and disposal of the materials used in aircrafts too. The current metallic alloys present in the hot section of engines pose constraints in terms of temperature, pressure and weight that restrain the performance of the aircrafts. Also, these alloys are produced using rare, depleting resources, and polluting processes. In ...
fossilfuels, etc ; altruism; carbon; energy; models; renewable energy sources; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Renewable energy communities (RECs) are energy innovations that promote the consumption of renewable energy in residential sectors and reduce fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, according to the diffusion of innovation theory, residential consumers should be divided into distinct innovation diffusion groups considering participation in RECs, and differentiated guidance strateg ...
fossilfuels, etc ; air transportation; aviation; carbon; energy efficiency; flight; prediction; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Following the global trend of carbon neutrality, green sustainable air transport becomes a hot topic in relevant area of applied energy. Electrified air transport propulsion system (EATPS) has received wide research interest since it can completely replace jet engines, exclude fossil fuel supply, and eliminate carbon emission during flight. As the core component in EATPS, electric machine raises a ...