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... Delays in cleaning up contaminated “brownfield” sites have led many states to adopt voluntary cleanup programs (VCPs), but the incentives they create remain poorly understood. We present the first theoretical model of VCPs, motivating it from a review of their institutional background, and the limited empirical literature on their effects. We show that tort liability alone leads to excessive devel ...
riskreduction, etc ; assets; earthquakes; economic development; humans; regression analysis; residential housing; risk; risk assessment; China; Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... Diagnosing all components of risk is essential in earthquake loss attribution science, but quantitative estimates on how sensitive the earthquake-induced direct economic losses (DELs) are to changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability is rarely known. Here the relationship between earthquake DELs and earthquake magnitude (Ms), asset value exposure (K), proportion of non-steel-concrete residentia ...
riskreduction, etc ; carcinoma; iodine; metabolism; metastasis; patients; risk factors; thyroid neoplasms; Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has been increasing rapidly worldwide, and the risk factors remain unclear. With the growing number of patients with DTC, the related issues have been gradually highlighted. 131Iodide (131I) is an important treatment for DTC and has the potential to reduce the risk of recurrence. 131I is also an effective treatment for distant metastases of thyr ...
riskreduction, etc ; herbicide resistance; herbicides; mechanism of action; risk assessment; weed control; Europe; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Herbicide resistance is of increasing concern, especially as there is a lack of new modes of action. An assessment of resistance risk has been a key part of the pesticide authorisation process in most European countries since the early 2000's. However, little guidance is provided on how to quantify these risks. The risk matrix described here presents a quantitative approach to the evaluation of th ...
riskreduction, etc ; Aspergillus fumigatus; aflatoxins; agar; breads; conidia; ethanol; fungi; germination; markets; mycelium; scanning electron microscopes; Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Mold contaminated on bread sold in local market was isolated and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus. Then, the bio-control of ethanol on A. fumigatus for significantly reducing consumer health risk was investigated. Susceptibility of the mold to evaporated vapor-phase ethanol (EVE) was examined in vitro. Complete elimination of viable spore and inhibition growth spread on Potato Dextrose Agar at ...
riskreduction, etc ; chronic diseases; diet therapy; monitoring; nutrition risk assessment; obesity; overfeeding; patients; protein synthesis; Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Adiposity-based chronic disease, critical illness, and nutrition therapy increase the risk for overfeeding and worsened nutritional and clinical outcomes. Hypocaloric, high-protein nutrition therapy provides critically ill obese patients the opportunity to achieve net protein anabolism with a reduced risk for overfeeding-related complications. The intent of this review is to discuss the impact of ...
riskreduction, etc ; catheters; dogs; energy; humans; tachycardia; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... In humans, accessory pathways (APs) in an anteroseptal and midseptal position are often challenging to ablate because of their close proximity with the conduction pathways of the atrioventricular junction. The use of low-energy ablation techniques can be useful to reduce the risk of permanently damaging the atrioventricular node and the His bundle. This report describes the use of low-energy radio ...
riskreduction, etc ; Capreolus capreolus; animals; wildlife; Lithuania; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Environmentalists and authorities responsible for road safety are trying to reduce the number of wildlife collisions with vehicles (WCV) worldwide. Roe deer are the most common large animal involved in WCV in Europe. This article discusses the distribution of 2010 wildlife-vehicle collisions involving roe deer (WVRD) in Lithuania in 2013 and 2014. The collisions were analyzed in terms of monthly a ...
riskreduction, etc ; purchasing; restaurants; risk perception; wines; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... The current study focuses on differences between high- and low-involvement consumers in terms of the bring-your-own-bottle of wine phenomenon, influence of consumption occasion(s), and how bring-your-own-bottle is used by consumers as purchase risk-reduction strategy. Results show that level of wine involvement determines the importance of bring-your-own-bottle of wine. The consumption situation i ...
riskreduction, etc ; burning; epoxides; fire hazard; flame retardants; gas chromatography; glass transition temperature; heat; mechanical properties; smoke; spectrometers; thermogravimetry; Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... A novel compound containing active amine groups of polyphosphazene (PBFA) was successfully synthesized and applied as a reactive flame-retardant additive in epoxy (EP) resin. It was synthesized from N-aminoethylpiperazine and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene using a simple method, and its structure was well-characterized. The results indicated that introducing PBFA into EP composites significantly im ...
riskreduction, etc ; United States Geological Survey; climatic factors; engineering; infrastructure; water analysis; water flow; water use efficiency; United States; Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Diversifying a system can reduce risk from- and increase resilience to perturbation. For this reason, the concept of diversity has been used in many different fields but its use in analyzing engineering infrastructure has been limited. In particular, the diversity of water sources and uses and the diversity of how sources are connected to uses (flow) have never been analyzed. In addition, the rela ...
riskreduction, etc ; case studies; computer software; decision making; environmental models; humans; issues and policy; risk; urban areas; Saint Maarten; Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this paper, we describe a modelling framework that allows the integration of human and physical components of flood risk. Within this framework, flood risk management is conceptualized as a coupled human-flood system. The human subsystem includes individuals and their behaviour and institutions that shape human-flood interaction. The framework presents a dynamic integration between agent-based ...
riskreduction, etc ; El Nino; climate; hurricanes; prediction; risk; statistical models; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... This study aims to predict the seasonal TC track density over the South Pacific by combining the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Climate Center (APCC) multi-model ensemble (MME) dynamical prediction system with a statistical model. The hybrid dynamical-statistical model is developed for each of the three clusters that represent major groups of TC best tracks in the South Pacific. The cros ...
riskreduction, etc ; cages; finite element analysis; mathematical models; plastic deformation; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this study, a numerical model was established to simulate the dynamic behavior of a floating net cage in waves and current, based on the finite element method. To validate the numerical model, we considered a case based on the motions of the net cage under regular waves and current, where we calculated and compared the simulated results. The comparison of the results indicated good agreement. W ...
riskreduction, etc ; Heterandria formosa; fish; habitats; predation; predators; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... While organisms are capable of detecting predators via chemical cues, how well these detection abilities are matched to different historical predation regimes remains poorly understood. The Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa, is a small live-bearing fish whose predominant predators differ among habitats. We performed two experiments to see how H. formosa from different populations respond to a c ...
riskreduction, etc ; anthropology; cities; people; risk perception; Bolivia; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... This article unpacks the relationship between risk perceptions and responses in cities of the global south. It first challenges the assumption that people are irrational and/or lack the ability to comprehend risk when they do not prioritize risk reduction. Second, it argues that the nature of risk perceptions has less direct influence on responses than previous research suggests. A social construc ...
riskreduction, etc ; case studies; ecosystems; global change; risk; river deltas; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Coastal river deltas are hotspots of global change impacts. Sustainable delta futures are increasingly threatened due to rising hazard exposure combined with high vulnerabilities of deltaic social-ecological systems. While the need for integrated multi-hazard approaches has been clearly articulated, studies on vulnerability and risk in deltas either focus on local case studies or single hazards an ...
riskreduction, etc ; endpoint indicator; risk; risk characterization; risk managers; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Urban ecological risk characterization is the final step in risk assessment and an important foundation upon which risk managers build risk aversion, risk control, and emergency handling strategies. In this study, we reviewed present risk characterization methods and proposed a multi-level characterization method for the assessment of urban ecological risks. The new characterization method consist ...
riskreduction, etc ; Markov chain; disasters; risk; risk assessment; China; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Disaster risk evolves spatially and temporally due to the combined dynamics of hazards, exposure and vulnerability. However, most previous risk assessments of natural disasters were static and typically based on historical disaster events. Dynamic risk assessments are required to effectively reduce risks and prevent future losses. Based on rainstorm disaster data and meteorological information col ...
riskreduction, etc ; green chemistry; hazard characterization; ingredients; plasticizers; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Consumers often see various “free-of” statements on labels that imply that the product is safer and more sustainable than others without such a label. The problem with these types of labels is that they say nothing about the ingredients a product is made with. Hazard assessment tools such as GreenScreen provide a way to determine whether potential product ingredients have sufficient data and low h ...