An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
... The high NO₃⁻ concentration in fine particulate matters (PM₂.₅) during heavy haze events has attracted much attention, but the formation mechanism of nitrates remains largely uncertain, especially concerning heterogeneous uptake of NOX by aqueous phase. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of NO₂ by sodium acetate (NaAc) droplets with different NO₂ concentrations and relative humidity (RH) condi ...
... In order to avoid pyridine volatilization in the conventional aerobic system based on bubble aeration, an algal-bacterial symbiotic system based on photosynthetic oxygenation was developed. Nonetheless, pyridine at high concentration would inhibit algal growth and photosynthetic activity, and thus decrease oxygen production efficiency. An external-loop split-type dynamic membrane photobioreactor s ...
... Biochar applied to the soil can contribute to the sustainability of agriculture by promoting ecosystem services. Tea production contributes to addressing hunger and poverty in developing countries. However, little is known about the impact of biochar amendment on ecosystem services in tea plantations. We evaluated ecosystem services from an economic assessment perspective to better understand the ...
... Agriculture lands have low fertilizer retention owing to porosity and irrigation, whereas a significant portion of fertilizer is lost through denitrification, volatilization, surface run-off, and leaching, causing losses of nutrients to air and ground/surface water. Urea fertilizer readily enhances the agricultural yield but also deteriorates the quality of fertile soils. To combat such problems, ...
... Prosulfocarb is a thiocarbamate herbicide that is rapidly growing in use due to the progressive bioresistance of weeds to certain pesticides and the ban and/or limitation of others. However, the use of prosulfocarb is only recent, and the relevant literature is scarce. The environmental and food impact of prosulfocarb has already been observed, and its transfer mode from targeted crops to untarget ...
volatilization, etc ; hydrophobicity; liquids; microfluidic technology; Show all 4 Subjects
Abstract:
... Liquid marbles (LMs) are non-wettable droplets formed with a coating of hydrophobic particles. They can move easily across either solid or liquid surfaces since the hydrophobic particles protect the internal liquid from contacting the substrate. In recent years, mainly due to their simple preparation, abundant materials, non-wetting/non-adhesive properties, elasticities and stabilities, LMs have b ...
volatilization, etc ; enthalpy; halogens; heptane; solvation; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this work, an additive scheme for the estimation of solvation enthalpy of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in n-heptane was developed. The proposed structural fragments for halogen group contributions are dependent on the nature of neighbouring atoms. A linear relationship between solvation and vaporization enthalpy at 298.15 K for mono- and di-α,ω-halogen aliphatic compounds was found. These ...
volatilization, etc ; chromium; distillation; energy; ethanol; glass; potassium; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... This work utilized the simplicity of a so-called membraneless vaporization (MBL-VP) unit as a gas separator for the colorimetric determination of ethanol in alcoholic beverages. A beverage sample with a volume of 1 mL was directly injected into a small container which was hung from a lid inside a closed 40 mL reused glass bottle without pretreatment such as distillation. An acidified potassium dic ...
volatilization, etc ; air; coasts; marine pollution; summer; Chile; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Air-sea exchange of POPs and PAHs was assessed in Concepción Bay during January, summer 2015. Results showed low levels, in air and water, for POPs (1–20 pg m⁻³, and 6–50 pg L⁻¹, respectively) and for ΣPAHs (1–2 ng m⁻³ and 1–2 ng L⁻¹, respectively). The highest levels were found for PBDEs (200–20,000 pg L⁻¹) in the water samples (3-fold times higher than PCBs and OCP) and PBDE209 accounted for 90% ...
volatilization, etc ; Japan; boron; nuclear power; power plants; Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Boron carbide control rods remain in the fuel debris of the damaged reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, potentially preventing re-criticality; however, the state and stability of the control rods remain unknown. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe analyses have revealed B–Li isotopic signatures in radioactive Cs-rich microparticles (CsMPs) that formed by volatilization and ...
volatilization, etc ; carbon dioxide; equations; models; permeability; research; water; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Salt precipitation within pores of the reservoir is an important phenomenon occurring during CO₂ injection into saline aquifers. The phenomenon results in permeability reduction and injectivity impairment. Salt precipitation mainly happens because of water vaporization inside the CO₂‐saturated (dry‐out) region. For water‐wet systems, the capillary pressure acts toward the lower water saturation re ...
volatilization, etc ; alkanes; droplets; heat treatment; liquids; perfluorocarbons; temperature; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Vaporizable hydrocarbon-in-fluorocarbon endoskeletal droplets are a unique category of phase-change emulsions with interesting physical and thermodynamic features. Here, we show microfluidic fabrication of various morphologies, such as solid-in-liquid, liquid-in-solid, and Janus-type, of complex solid n-C₂₀H₄₂ or n-C₂₁H₄₄ and liquid n-C₅F₁₂ droplets. Furthermore, we investigated the vaporization b ...
volatilization, etc ; air quality; databases; folpet; metolachlor; models; France; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... A module to simulate the volatilization of pesticides from soils and plants was implemented in the air quality model CHIMERE in order to simulate spatiotemporal distribution of pesticide atmospheric concentrations. Pesticide applications are spatially distributed according to the quantities of pesticides sold per municipality in France (recorded in the French BNVD-S database) and are temporally di ...
volatilization, etc ; algorithms; hexadecane; liquids; mechanics; molecular dynamics; thermodynamics; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Torsion and Lennard-Jones parameters of the optimized potentials for liquid simulations (OPLS) all-atom force field have been refined for describing thermodynamics and dynamics of a wide range of liquid alkanes. Monte Carlo statistical mechanics (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out. For thermodynamics properties, MC simulations with truncated electrostatic interactions per ...
volatilization, etc ; feedstocks; ferric chloride; graphene; iron; nickel; surface roughness; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Monolayer graphene has excellent electrical properties especially a linear dispersion in the band structure at the K-point in the Brillouin zone. However, its electronic transport properties can be degraded by surface roughness and attachment of charge impurities. Although multilayer graphene can reduce the surface roughness and attachment of charge impurities, the increase in the number of graphe ...
volatilization, etc ; corrosion; mass transfer; sodium; technology; thermal degradation; vapors; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Na₂CO₃ was proven to enhance the reduction of stubborn iron minerals, which decreased the melting point of refractory iron ores and promoted the aggregation of iron grains. Many studies have revealed that the thermal decomposition of Na₂CO₃ easily proceeds in the sequence of Na₂CO₃ → Na₂O → Na. In this study, the effect of Na₂CO₃ on the reduction of iron oxides was investigated. The results indica ...
volatilization, etc ; ambient temperature; bitumen; ecotoxicology; exposure pathways; fire fighting; Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water are typically present in their ionic (nonvolatile) forms; however, these can transition to their nonionic (volatile) forms when in contact with organic solvents and organic matrices. In particular, when PFAS are dissolved in organic solvents such as residues left from firefighting foams, fuels, and bitumen present in asphalt, the equilibrium bet ...
volatilization, etc ; air; dicamba; environmental management; glyphosate; imazethapyr; weed control; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Expansion of dicamba-resistant crops increased the frequency of off-target movement issues, especially in the midsouthern United States. Six field trials were conducted over two growing seasons with the purpose to determine the contribution of volatilization and physical suspension of particles to the off-target movement of dicamba when applied with glyphosate and imazethapyr - a non-volatile herb ...
volatilization, etc ; activation energy; fenthion; parathion; relative humidity; temperature; China; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Fenthion and parathion are two representative kinds of organophosphorus pesticides and widely used in agriculture. They are directly or indirectly released into the atmosphere by spraying or volatilization processes. However, their heterogeneous reactivity toward OH radicals has not yet been well understood. Therefore, this work investigated the heterogeneous kinetics of the OH-initiated degradati ...
volatilization, etc ; diffusivity; energy; natural gas; oils; prediction; surface tension; Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... The objective of this work was to elucidate the mass exchange dynamics (MED) between the tight rock matrix and fractures induced by natural gas ‘dynamic’ soaking (NGDS) during Huff-n-Puff. The equilibrium interfacial tension (IFT) between natural gas (NG) and oil decreased rapidly with an increase in the NG C2/C3 fraction and equilibrium pressure (Pₑq). The IFT curves were separated into two disti ...